{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:18:08Z","timestamp":1792037888663,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]],"date-time":"2018-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["475868\/08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["475868\/08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A is essential for mother and child; however, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a public health issue in various countries, affecting around 19 million pregnant women. In Brazil, the scarcity and inconsistency of data have prevented the prevalence and epidemiological status of VAD from being established. This study aimed to analyze vitamin A nutritional status in women receiving prenatal care at a reference center in northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 676 women. Serum retinol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Subclinical infection was detected by measuring C-reactive protein (CRP). The World Health Organization criteria were used in the prevalence analysis, VAD classification level, and CRP effect evaluation. The prevalence of VAD (serum retinol &lt;0.70 \u03bcmol\/L) was 6.2% (95% confidence interval 4.5\u20138.3). In the univariate analysis, the variables significantly associated with VAD (p &lt; 0.05) were having &lt;12 years of schooling, being in the third trimester of pregnancy, and anemia. In the final multivariate model, the variables that remained significantly associated (p &lt; 0.05) were being in the third trimester of pregnancy and anemia. VAD constituted a mild public health problem in this sample of pregnant women and was associated with the third trimester of pregnancy and maternal anemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T10:28:57Z","timestamp":1536575337000},"page":"1271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency and Associated Factors in Pregnant Women Receiving Prenatal Care at a Reference Maternity Hospital in Northeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4974-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Bastos Maia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Healthcare Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Medicina Integral, Prof.Fernando Figueira (IMIP), 50070-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lauro Wanderley University Hospital, Federal University of Para\u00edba (UFPB), 58059-900 Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Para\u00edba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de F\u00e1tima","family":"Costa Caminha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Healthcare Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Medicina Integral, Prof.Fernando Figueira (IMIP), 50070-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Coordinator, Nursing Mentoring Program, Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa\u00fade (FPS), 51180-001 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Lins da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Healthcare Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Medicina Integral, Prof.Fernando Figueira (IMIP), 50070-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Coordinator, Nursing Mentoring Program, Faculdade Pernambucana de Sa\u00fade (FPS), 51180-001 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Sandro","family":"Rolland Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Healthcare Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Medicina Integral, Prof.Fernando Figueira (IMIP), 50070-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Healthcare, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Biological and Health Sciences Center, Catholic University of Pernambuco (UNICAP), 50050-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Carvalho dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinator, Research Department, IMIP, 50070-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malaquias","family":"Batista Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Healthcare Postgraduate Program, Instituto de Medicina Integral, Prof.Fernando Figueira (IMIP), 50070-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sporn, M.B., Roberts, A.B., and Goodman, D.S. (1994). Retinoids in photosensitive systems. The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry, and Medicine, Raven Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3010063","article-title":"Vitamin A metabolism: An update","volume":"3","author":"Clugston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommer, A., West, K.P., Olson, J.A., and Ross, A.C. (1996). Vitamin A Deficiency: Health, Survival, and Vision, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195088243.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2011.06.001","article-title":"Vitamin A: A multifunctional tool for development","volume":"22","author":"Theodosiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000176","article-title":"Serum levels of some micronutrients and congenital malformations: A prospective cohort study in healthy Saudi-Arabian first-trimester pregnant women","volume":"83","author":"Hammouda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"165","article-title":"Recent knowledge about intestinal absorption and cleavage of carotenoids","volume":"63","author":"Borel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.821","article-title":"Spinach or carrots can supply significant amounts of vitamin A as assessed by feeding with intrinsically deuterated vegetables","volume":"82","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2845S","article-title":"Assessment and control of vitamin A deficiency: The Annecy Accords","volume":"132","author":"Sommer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO (2018, July 17). Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995\u20132005: WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44110\/9789241598019_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142166","article-title":"Adjusting retinol-binding protein concentrations for inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project","volume":"106","author":"Larson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15099-4","article-title":"Effects of subclinical infection on plasma retinol concentrations and assessment of prevalence of vitamin A deficiency: meta-analysis","volume":"362","author":"Thurnham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1237","article-title":"Hyporetinolemia, illness symptoms, and acute phase protein response in pregnant women with and without night blindness","volume":"67","author":"Christian","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001701","article-title":"WHO Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in pregnant women. Geneva: WHO, 2011; WHO Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation in postpartum women. Geneva: WHO, 2011","volume":"3","author":"McGuire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO (2018, July 17). Indicators for Assessing Vitamin A Deficiency and Their Application in Monitoring and Evaluating Intervention Programmes. Micronutrient Series, WHO\/NUT,10. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/micronutrients\/vitamin_a_deficiency\/WHONUT96.10.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"WHO (2011). Guideline: Vitamin A Supplementation in Pregnant Women, World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44625\/9789241501781_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232010000700008","article-title":"Association between Vitamin A deficiency and socioeconomic, nutritional and obstetric variables","volume":"15","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"352","article-title":"Deficiencia de vitamina A en embarazadas assistidas en una maternidad p\u00fablica en Rio de Janeiro, Brasil","volume":"27","author":"Accioly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Chilena. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-75262011000200005","article-title":"Deficiencia de vitamina A en adolescentes no gestantes y gestantes de Maracaibo, Venezuela","volume":"76","author":"Ortega","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Obstet. Ginecol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"WHO (2018, August 20). Serum Retinol Concentrations for Determining the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations. Vitamin and Mineral. Nutrition Information System. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/retinol.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Furr, H.C., Tanumihardjo, S.A., and Olson, J.A. (1992). Training Manual for Assessing Vitamin A Status by Use of the Modified Relative Dose Response and the Relative Dose Response Assays, USAID Vitamin A Field Support Project-VITAL."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2018, July 17). US Dollar Exchange Rate for the Period from 01 November 2011 to 30 April 2012, Available online: http:\/\/www4.bcb.gov.br\/pec\/taxas\/port\/ptaxnpesq.asp?id=txcotacao."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2009). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 101: Ultrasonography in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 113, 451\u2013461.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31819930b0"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Proposal of a new standard for the nutritional assessment of pregnant women","volume":"125","author":"Atalah","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"The Brazilian Ministry of Health (2018, July 17). Attention to Prenatal Low Risk, Available online: http:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/publicacoes\/cadernos_atencao_basica_32_prenatal.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2018, August 30). Haemoglobin. Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral. Nutrition Information System. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302006000300018","article-title":"Association between maternal and newborn vitamin A status and economic stratum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"52","author":"Ramalho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s63","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-38292006000500009","article-title":"Anemia and hipovitaminosis in postpartum women seen at the Women\u2019s Care Center of the Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira, IMIP: A pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Lopes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Saude. Mater. Infant."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"348","article-title":"Gestational nightblindness among women attending a public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Saunders","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.07.015","article-title":"Association between gestational night blindness and serum retinol in mother\/newborn pairs in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Saunders","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0131-7","article-title":"Prevalence and influence factors of vitamin A deficiency of Chinese pregnant women","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olang, B., Abdollahi, Z., Neshati, R., Ali, M.A., Naghavi, M., and Yngve, A. (2014). Vitamin A status in pregnant women in Iran in 2001 and its relationship with province and gestational age. Food Nutr. Res., 58.","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v58.25707"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2012-0026","article-title":"Effect of maternal vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy on neonatal kidney size","volume":"41","author":"Hamdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002723","article-title":"Extent of vitamin A deficiency among rural pregnant women in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0541-7","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and vitamin A status of pregnant women in Calabar urban, southeastern Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.155937","article-title":"Serum retinol is associated with stage of pregnancy and the acute phase response in pregnant women in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"142","author":"Martinussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"419","article-title":"Serum vitamin A during pregnancy and effects on obstetrics and perinatal outcomes in HIV infected pregnant women","volume":"54","author":"Duarte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spindola Garcez, L., de Sousa Paz Lima, G., de Azevedo Paiva, A., Sampaio da Paz, M.R., Lazaro Gomes, E.I., Nunes, V.S., Cotta de Faria, E., and de Barros-Mazon, S. (2016). Serum retinol levels in pregnant adolescents and their relationship with habitual food intake, infection and obstetric, nutritional and socioeconomic variables. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110669"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60138-4","article-title":"Maternal and child health in Brazil: progress and challenges","volume":"377","author":"Victora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"320","article-title":"Determinants of health and nutritional status of rural Nigerian women","volume":"19","author":"Enugu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"413","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in South Asia: causes, outcomes, and possible remedies","volume":"31","author":"Akhtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-81232013000500028","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency in mothers and children in the state of Pernambuco","volume":"18","author":"Miglioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Sa\u00fade. Coletiva."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822008000400014","article-title":"Critical analysis of Brazilian studies about vitamin A deficiency in the maternal-child group","volume":"26","author":"Ramalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"28","article-title":"Serum retinol concentrations in mothers and newborns at delivery in a public maternity hospital in Recife, northeast Brazil","volume":"32","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X1998000400024","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis A in neonates in 2 public maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Ramalho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cad. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"322","article-title":"Vitamin A status of pregnant women assessed by a biochemical indicator and a simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire","volume":"49","author":"Villar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) (2018, July 17). IVACG Statement: Maternal Night Blindness: A New Indicator of Vitamin A Deficiency. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/0609\/4cf23a01367f78509898ccbcf3d1f89b21be.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001846","article-title":"Determinants of gestational night blindness in pregnant women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.1.290S","article-title":"Assessing vitamin A status: Past, present and future","volume":"134","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22837","article-title":"C-reactive protein increases with gestational age during pregnancy among Chinese women","volume":"28","author":"Mei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20882","article-title":"Changes in serum immunity during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larson, L.M., Guo, J., Williams, A.M., Young, M.F., Ismaily, S., Addo, O.Y., Thurnham, D., Tanumihardjo, S.A., Suchdev, P.S., and Northrop-Clewes, C.A. (2018). Approaches to assess vitamin A status in settings of inflammation: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) Project. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081100"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v31i2.16382","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of prenatal vitamin A deficiency in rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"31","author":"Gebreselassie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101436","article-title":"The concentration of vitamin A in the blood plasma during pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Bodansky","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.656","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A or beta carotene supplementation on pregnancy-related mortality and infant mortality in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"305","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1218s","article-title":"Physiology of pregnancy and nutrient metabolism","volume":"71","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.5.691","article-title":"A new definition of maternal depletion syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Winkvist","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1058","article-title":"HIV and other predictors of serum beta-carotene and retinol in pregnancy: A cross-sectional study in Zimbabwe","volume":"73","author":"Friis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601320","article-title":"The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Semba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.1.85","article-title":"Weekly supplementation with iron and vitamin A during pregnancy increases hemoglobin concentration but decreases serum ferritin concentration in Indonesian pregnant women","volume":"131","author":"Muslimatun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"CD008666","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes","volume":"10","author":"McCauley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirth, J.P., Petry, N., Tanumihardjo, S.A., Rogers, L.M., McLean, E., Greig, A., Garrett, G.S., and Klemm, R.D. (2017). Vitamin A supplementation programs and country-level evidence of Vitamin A deficiency. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030190"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/9\/1271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:35Z","timestamp":1760195975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/9\/1271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10091271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10091271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]]}}}