{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:03:07Z","timestamp":1789826587956,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HAW02026-H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HAW02026-H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD007584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD007584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA071789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA071789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CA130784-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CA130784-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01-DK073711-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01-DK073711-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R56DK073711-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R56DK073711-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding of behavioral factors associated with obesity is of importance in addressing this issue. This study examined the association between cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and body mass index (BMI) and amount of food plated, consumed, leftovers, and leftover food thrown into the trash (food wasted) in early adolescent girls nine to 13 years in O\u2019ahu, Hawai\u2019i (n = 93). Food plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted were estimated using a three-day mobile food record\u2122 (mFR). Weight and height were measured to compute BMI (kg\/m2). The three-factor eating questionnaire provided a score from 0 to 100 for cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Higher scores are indicative of greater cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Pearson\u2019s correlations were computed to examine the relationship between three factor eating scores and BMI. General linear models were conducted to examine the effect of each of three-factor eating scores on food plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted. Cognitive restraint was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.36, p &lt; 0.001) and with BMI z-score (r = 0.40, p &lt; 0.001). There were no associations between three-factor eating scores and food plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted at lunch. However, at dinner, total energy plated, left over, and food wasted increased by 4.24 kcal\/day (p = 0.030), 1.67 kcal\/day (p = 0.002), and 0.93 kcal\/day (p = 0.031), respectively, with a unit increase in uncontrolled eating score. Similarly, total energy plated and energy left over at dinner increased by 3.40 kcal\/day (p = 0.045) and 1.51 kcal\/day (p = 0.001), respectively, with a unit increase in emotional eating score. Additional research should examine the specific roles of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and food waste in the development of obesity in adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]],"date-time":"2018-09-10T10:28:57Z","timestamp":1536575337000},"page":"1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Association between Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating, Emotional Eating and BMI and the Amount of Food Wasted in Early Adolescent Girls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0695-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinan C.","family":"Banna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4278-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe E.","family":"Panizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol J.","family":"Boushey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawai\u2019i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2909-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward J.","family":"Delp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunjung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Complementary &amp; Integrative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2019i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6706a3","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among youths by household income and education level of head of household\u2014United States 2011\u20132014","volume":"67","author":"Ogden","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). 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