{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:03:30Z","timestamp":1768997010888,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic kidney disease and inflammation promote loss of Klotho expression. Given the well-established anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids, we aimed to investigate the effect of fish oil supplementation in a model of CKD. Methods: Male C57BL\/6 mice received supplementation with an adenine-enriched diet (AD, n = 5) or standard diet (CTL, n = 5) for 10 days. Two other experimental groups were kept under the adenine diet for 10 days. Following adenine withdrawal on the 11th day, the animals returned to a standard diet supplemented with fish oil (Post AD-Fish oil, n = 9) or not (Post AD-CTL, n = 9) for an additional period of 7 days. Results: Adenine mice exhibited significantly higher mean serum urea, creatinine, and renal expression of the pro-inflammatory markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), and Interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), in addition to prominent renal fibrosis and reduced renal Klotho gene expression compared to the control. Post AD-Fish oil animals demonstrated a significant reduction of IL-6, C-X-C motif chemokine 9 (CXCL9), and IL-1\u03b2 compared to Post AD-CTL animals. However, serum creatinine, renal fibrosis, and Klotho were not significantly different in the fish oil-treated group. Furthermore, renal histomorphological changes such as tubular dilatation and interstitial infiltration persisted despite treatment. Conclusions: Fish oil supplementation reduced renal pro-inflammatory markers but was not able to restore renal function nor Klotho expression in an adenine-induced CKD model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T11:40:02Z","timestamp":1536666002000},"page":"1283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fish Oil Supplementation Reduces Inflammation but Does Not Restore Renal Function and Klotho Expression in an Adenine-Induced CKD Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Henao Agudelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro C.","family":"Baia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milene S.","family":"Ormanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amandda R. P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana R.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine &amp; Public Health, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Rua 235 s\/n-University Sector, 74605-050 Goi\u00e2nia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels O.","family":"Saraiva C\u00e2mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, Sala 238, 05508-000 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerjan J.","family":"Navis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4127-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin H.","family":"De Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0885-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ita P.","family":"Heilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00602","article-title":"Macrophages during the fibrotic process: M2 as friend and foe","volume":"6","author":"Braga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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