{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:10:00Z","timestamp":1773699000457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some infants experience excessive weight gain (EWG) during exclusive breastfeeding, but causes and consequences are unknown. The objective was to identify factors associated with early EWG. Infants with EWG (HW-group) were examined at 5, 9 and 18 mo and compared to a breastfed group with normal weight gain (NW-group). Anthropometry, body composition, milk and blood samples, and milk intake were measured. Mean body-mass-index-for-age z-scores (BAZ) increased 1.93 from birth to 5 mo in the HW-group (n = 13) while the NW-group (n = 17) was unchanged (\u22120.01). The HW-group had 70% more fat mass at 5 mo, and then showed marked catch-down in BAZ from 5 to 18 mo (\u22120.84). Milk intake at 5\u20136 mo did not differ between the groups. In the HW-group milk-leptin was lower at 5 mo and serum-leptin was considerably higher at 5 and 9 mo compared to the NW-group. Serum-leptin at 5 mo was positively associated with weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and fat mass and negatively with WAZ change from 5 to 9 mo. In conclusion, breastfed infants with EWG had catch-down growth when other foods were introduced. Low milk-leptin in the HW-group may have stimulated appetite and milk intake when weight gain was high. High serum-leptin in the HW-group suggests early leptin resistance, which could impact cerebral regulation of energy intake. Larger studies are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1536747996000},"page":"1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Excessive Weight Gain Followed by Catch-Down in Exclusively Breastfed Infants: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie W.","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 N, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mads V.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Larnkj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anette P.","family":"Due","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 N, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina C.","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9025-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching T.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00f8lgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna T.","family":"Geddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim F.","family":"Michaelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.3.497","article-title":"Growth of Breast-Fed Infants Deviates From Current Reference Data: A Pooled Analysis of US, Canadian, and European Data Sets","volume":"96","author":"Dewey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fcpers, L.K., L\u2019Ab\u00e9e, C., Bocca, G., Stolk, R.P., Sauer, P.J.J., and Corpeleijn, E. 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