{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:23:30Z","timestamp":1773786210835,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal diet and gestational hyperglycaemia have implications for offspring health. Leptin (LEP) and fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) alleles are known to influence body fat mass in humans, potentially via effects on appetite. We hypothesized that expression of Fto, Lep, and other appetite-related genes (Argp, Npy, Pomc, Cart, Lepr) in the offspring of female mice are influenced by the glycaemic index (GI) of carbohydrates in the maternal diet. C57BL\/6 mice were randomly assigned to low or high GI diets and mated with chow-fed males at eight weeks of age. Male pups were weaned at four weeks and randomly divided into two groups, one group following their mother\u2019s diet (LL and HH), and one following the standard chow diet (LC and HC) to 20 weeks. Fto expression was 3.8-fold higher in the placenta of mothers fed the high GI diet (p = 0.0001) and 2.5-fold higher in the hypothalamus of 20-week old offspring fed the high GI (HH vs. LL, p &lt; 0.0001). By contrast, leptin gene (Lep) expression in visceral adipose tissue was 4.4-fold higher in four-week old offspring of low GI mothers (LC vs. HC, p &lt; 0.0001) and 3.3-fold higher in visceral adipose tissue of 20-week old animals (LL vs. HH, p &lt; 0.0001). Plasma ghrelin and leptin levels, and hypothalamic appetite genes were also differentially regulated by maternal and offspring diet. These findings provide the first evidence in an animal model that maternal high GI dietary carbohydrates that are digested and absorbed faster may contribute to programming of appetite in offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T03:46:35Z","timestamp":1537501595000},"page":"1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Glycaemic Index of Maternal Dietary Carbohydrate Differentially Alters Fto and Lep Expression in Offspring in C57BL\/6 Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Theodora","family":"Sideratou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6558-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Petocz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim S.","family":"Bell-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennie","family":"Brand-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70173-6","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in latin america: A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Rivera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.06.007","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic programming during intrauterine development","volume":"81","author":"Fowden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum. 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