{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:14:18Z","timestamp":1791281658478,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81471223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81471223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016B020235001 and 2016A020215153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B020235001 and 2016A020215153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Dapeng District industrial development special funds for science and technology support project","award":["KY20170210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY20170210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to improve depression. However, PUFA purities, caloric content, and ratios in different diets may affect the results. By using Fat-1 mice which convert n-6 to n-3 PUFAs in the brain, this study further evaluated anti-depressant mechanisms of n-3 PUFAs in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model. Adult male Fat-1 and wild-type (WT) mice were fed soybean oil diet for 8 weeks. Depression-like behaviors were measured 24 h after saline or LPS central administration. In WT littermates, LPS reduced sucrose intake, but increased immobility in forced-swimming and tail suspension tests. Microglial M1 phenotype CD11b expression and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, and IL-17 were elevated, while M2 phenotype-related IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21 were decreased. LPS also reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine receptor kinase B (Trk B), while increasing glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and pro-BDNF, p75, NO, and iNOS levels. In Fat-1 mice, LPS-induced behavioral changes were attenuated, which were associated with decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and reversed changes in p75, NO, iNOS, and BDNF. Gas chromatography assay confirmed increased n-3 PUFA levels and n-3\/n-6 ratios in the brains of Fat-1 mice. In conclusion, endogenous n-3 PUFAs may improve LPS-induced depression-like behavior through balancing M1 and M2-phenotypes and normalizing BDNF function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T11:00:25Z","timestamp":1537527625000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Endogenous Omega (n)-3 Fatty Acids in Fat-1 Mice Attenuated Depression-Like Behavior, Imbalance between Microglial M1 and M2 Phenotypes, and Dysfunction of Neurotrophins Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Minqing","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiting","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wende","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drug, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Key laboratory of Laboratory Animal, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Marine Drug and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-15","article-title":"Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia","volume":"5","author":"Henry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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