{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:47Z","timestamp":1772252987792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to its devastating consequences, late-life depression is an important public health problem. The aim of the study was an analysis of variables which may potentially influence the risk of depression (GDS-SF). Furthermore, the aim was to study possible mediating effects of given variables on the relationship between the total protein concentration and the risk of depression in older adults with chronic diseases, and physical function impairment. The research sample included 132 older adults with chronic conditions and physical function impairments, residing in a long-term care in residential environment. In the studied group of sensory organs, diseases proved to be a significant moderator of the relationship between GDS-SF and total serum protein concentration. A stronger relationship was observed in subjects suffering from diseases of sensory organs (b = \u22126.42, 95% CI= \u221211.27; \u22121.58). The Barthel index and 25(OH)D vitamin were the most significant mediators of the examined relationship. Cohort research is suggested to confirm the hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T10:39:58Z","timestamp":1537958398000},"page":"1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Moderation and Mediation Analysis of the Relationship between Total Protein Concentration and the Risk of Depressive Disorders in Older Adults with Function Dependence in Home Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0503-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz J\u00f3zef","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0101-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"\u015alusarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bartoszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Deluga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Kachaniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"\u0141uczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Mortality in Relation to instrumental activities of daily living: One-year follow-up in a Japanese urban community","volume":"3","author":"Koyano","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(90)90237-J","article-title":"Disability, psychosocial factors and mortality among the elderly in a rural French population","volume":"8","author":"Grand","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"30","article-title":"Psychosocial factors conditioning the life expectancy of older people","volume":"1","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gerontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genet, N., Boerma, W.G., Kringos, D.S., Bouman, A., Francke, A.L., Fagerstr\u00f6m, C., Melchiorre, M.G., Greco, C., and Devill\u00e9, W. (2011). Home care in Europe: A systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-207"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"409","article-title":"Home longterm care male and female nurses","volume":"3","author":"Irzyniec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Piel\u0119g. Pol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"K\u0119dziora-Kornatowska, K., Muszalik, M., and Skolmowska, E. (2010). Nursing in Long-Term Care, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Bank (2018, January 28). Current Status and Future of Long-Term Care in an Aging Poland. Comments on the Need to Develop a Policy for Long-Term Care, Available online: https:\/\/das.mpips.gov.pl\/source\/opiekasenioralna\/Opieka_dlugoterminowa_Final_POL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kotowska, I., Sztanderska, U., and W\u00f3ycicka, I. (2007). Between Home and Work. Recommendations for Politicians, Scholar."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Micho\u0144, P., and \u017bukowski, M. (2013). Long-term care for the elderly in Poland. Facing the Challenges. Social Policy in Poland after 1990, University of Economics Press."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"207","article-title":"The elderly under the long-term home-based nursing care","volume":"3","author":"Irzyniec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"42","article-title":"Functional ability of patients provided with the nursing long-term domiciliary care","volume":"1","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Probl. Piel\u0119g."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"18","article-title":"Characteristics of \u201clong-term home care nursing\u201d patients in the years 2004\u20132008 in Podlasie Province","volume":"1","author":"Mojsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gerontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"278","article-title":"Role of nurse in prevention of chosen complications connected with patient immobilization","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Probl. Piel\u0119g."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"E627","article-title":"Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis","volume":"270","author":"Ferrando","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00346.2003","article-title":"Skeletal muscle unweighting: Spaceflight and ground-based models","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"706","article-title":"Orthostatic tolerance and hormonal changes in women during 120 days of head-down bed rest","volume":"7","author":"Maillet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"314","article-title":"Participation of reactive oxygen species in muscle damage produced by hypokinesis","volume":"23","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pol. Merkuriusz. Lek."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kostka, T., and Koziarska-Ro\u015bciszewska, M. (2009). Diseases of Old Age, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"89","article-title":"The assessment of the nutritional status of patients at the Geriatric Ward in the context of their functional status","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geriatria"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"126","article-title":"Influence of place of residence on nutrition in the elderly","volume":"17","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"614","article-title":"Evaluation of health and nutritional status of persons aged 75+ in Polish Population WOBASZ-SENIOR project","volume":"3","author":"Sygnowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brom. Chem. Toksykol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.123232","article-title":"Body mass index and mortality in elderly men and women: The Tromso and HUNT studies","volume":"66","author":"Kvamme","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802755","article-title":"Relationship between body mass index and different domains of disability in older persons: The 3C study","volume":"28","author":"Larrieu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"14","article-title":"Screening malnutrition the quick and easy way in order to reduce hospitalization costs","volume":"14","author":"Arshad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/01639360903574585","article-title":"Undernutrition in hospitalized older adults: Patterns and correlates, outcomes, and opportunities for intervention with a focus on process of care","volume":"29","author":"Heersink","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Elder"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/30.3.221","article-title":"Does the mini nutritional assessment predict hospitalization outcomes in older people?","volume":"30","author":"Herrmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000083993","article-title":"Nutritional status and a 3-year follow-up in elderly receiving support at home","volume":"51","author":"Saletti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.2.M159","article-title":"The influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on quality of life in nursing homes","volume":"58","author":"Crogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"555","article-title":"Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Validity and reliability of different versions of the scale\u2014Review","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"37","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report","volume":"1","author":"Yesavage","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md. State Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"17","article-title":"Barthel questionnaire as measurement tool for physical independence of older adults","volume":"12","author":"Brzostek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2018, January 28). Anthropometry Procedures Manual, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/nhanes_07_08\/manual_an.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F., and Martorell, R. (1988). Segment lengths. Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, Human Kinetics Books."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression Based Approach, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: A position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group","volume":"14","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1079","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.43","article-title":"The serum protein levels of the tPA-BDNF pathway are implicated in depression and antidepressant treatment","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1776-x","article-title":"Homer1a protein expression in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression","volume":"124","author":"Leber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24113","article-title":"Cell- and region-specific expression of depression-relatedproteinp11 (S100a10) in the brain","volume":"525","author":"Milosevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010; a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domenici, E., Will\u00e9, D.R., Tozzi, F., Prokopenko, I., Miller, S., McKeown, A., Brittain, C., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., and Turck, C.W. (2010). Plasma protein biomarkers for depression and schizophrenia by multi analyte profiling of case-control collections. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009166"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berk, M., Williams, L.J., Jacka, F.N., O\u2019Neil, A., Pasco, J., Moylan, S., Allen, N.B., Stuart, A.L., Hayley, A.C., and Byrne, M.L. (2013). So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.005","article-title":"Association between inducible and neuronal nitric oxide syntheses polymorphisms and recurrent depressive disorder","volume":"129","author":"Maes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Affect Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.05.004","article-title":"A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness","volume":"3","author":"Maes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0788-z","article-title":"Total antioxidant status correlates with cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent depressive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Talarowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1706S","article-title":"Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramifications of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"80","author":"Heaney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(04)59014-1","article-title":"Schizofrenia, vitamin D and brain development","volume":"59","author":"Eyles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.5.508","article-title":"Depression is associated with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased parathyroid hormone levels in older adults","volume":"8","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2703","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements in geriatric major depression","volume":"11","author":"Zanetidou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.C., Yao, G., Hu, S.C., and Wang, J.D. (2015). Depression affects the scores of all facets of the WHOQOL-BREF and may mediate the effects of physical disability among community-dwelling older adults. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128356"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/10\/1374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:22:29Z","timestamp":1760196149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/10\/1374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10101374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10101374","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0105.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]]}}}