{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:53:13Z","timestamp":1791233593989,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Nutrition Society Research Fund","award":["CNS-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1600500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1600500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81703214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81703214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the impact of whole milk supplementation on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers between lactose malabsorbers (LM) and absorbers (LA). We performed a pair-wise intervention study of 31 LM and 31 LA, 1:1 matched by age, sex, body mass index, and daily dairy intake. Subjects were required to add 250 mL\/day whole milk for four weeks in their routine diet. At the beginning and the end of the intervention period, we collected data on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Whole milk supplementation significantly increased Actinobacteria (P &lt; 0.01), Bifidobacterium (P &lt; 0.01), Anaerostipe (P &lt; 0.01), and Blautia (P = 0.04), and decreased Megamonas (P = 0.04) in LM, but not LA. Microbial richness and diversity were not affected. The fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remained stable throughout the study. Body fat mass (P &lt; 0.01) and body fat percentage (P &lt; 0.01) reduced in both groups, but the changes did not differ between groups. No significant differences in other cardiometabolic markers were found between LM and LA. When compared with LA, whole milk supplementation could alter the intestinal microbiota composition in LM, without significant changes in fecal SCFAs and cardiometabolic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1538479802000},"page":"1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7301-5786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangkai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilei","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liegang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00265.x","article-title":"Milk and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Pfeuffer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.118406","article-title":"Dairy consumption in association with weight change and risk of becoming overweight or obese in middle-aged and older women: A prospective cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Rautiainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.195206","article-title":"Dairy consumption and incidence of hypertension: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"60","author":"Verberne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.059030","article-title":"Dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"98","author":"Aune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29866","article-title":"Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"93","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.01966.x","article-title":"The role of colonic metabolism in lactose intolerance","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507063330101","article-title":"A comparison of symptoms after the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance","volume":"333","author":"Suarez","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1000","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1000","article-title":"CHARGE Consortium Dairy consumption, systolic blood pressure, and risk of hypertension: Mendelian randomization study","volume":"356","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"462","article-title":"Lactase persistence, milk intake, hip fracture and bone mineral density: A study of 97,811 Danish individuals and a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Bergholdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270566","article-title":"Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2015). Reprot of Chinese Nation Nutrition and Chronic Disease Survey, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"China Nutrition Society (2016). The Chinese Dietary Guidelines, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/649312","article-title":"Differential impact of lactose\/lactase phenotype on colonic microflora","volume":"24","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01281.x","article-title":"Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: Links between diet and health","volume":"9","author":"Flint","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5774","article-title":"Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003607","article-title":"Metabolic benefits of dietary prebiotics in human subjects: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"111","author":"Kellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03951.x","article-title":"Methodology and indications of H2-breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases: The Rome Consensus conference","volume":"29","author":"Gasbarrini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wang, G., and Pan, X. (2009). China Food Composition Tables 2002, Beijing University Medical Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1E.5.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc01e05s27","article-title":"Using QIIME to analyze 16S rRNA gene sequences from microbial communities","volume":"27","author":"Kuczynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D141","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn879","article-title":"The Ribosomal Database Project: Improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7220","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.12.7220-7228.2004","article-title":"Use of 16S rRNA gene-targeted group-specific primers for real-time PCR analysis of predominant bacteria in human feces","volume":"70","author":"Matsuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3575-3581.2004","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial communities in feces from healthy elderly volunteers and hospitalized elderly patients by using real-time PCR and effects of antibiotic treatment on the fecal microbiota","volume":"70","author":"Bartosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.05.055","article-title":"Prebiotics reduce body fat and alter intestinal microbiota in children who are overweight or with obesity","volume":"153","author":"Nicolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.4.1260-1265.2006","article-title":"Lactose-over-glucose preference in Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705: GlCP, encoding a glucose transporter, is subject to lactose repression","volume":"188","author":"Parche","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313128","article-title":"Multivariate modelling of faecal bacterial profiles of patients with IBS predicts responsiveness to a diet low in FODMAPs","volume":"67","author":"Bennet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.10.001","article-title":"Glycan utilization and cross-feeding activities by bifidobacteria","volume":"26","author":"Turroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-041715-033151","article-title":"Bosom Buddies: The symbiotic relationship between infants and Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum and ssp. infantis. genetic and probiotic features","volume":"7","author":"Arboleya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7835","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01296-06","article-title":"Cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and acetate-converting, butyrate-producing colon bacteria during growth on oligofructose","volume":"72","author":"Falony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.food.102308.124101","article-title":"Mechanisms of microbial hydrogen disposal in the human colon and implications for health and disease","volume":"1","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2786","article-title":"Healthy subjects differentially respond to dietary capsaicin correlating with specific gut enterotypes","volume":"101","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03549-13","article-title":"Microbial enterotypes, inferred by the prevotella-to-bacteroides ratio, remained stable during a 6-month randomized controlled diet intervention with the new nordic diet","volume":"80","author":"Roager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272613","article-title":"Systemic availability and metabolism of colonic-derived short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects: A stable isotope study","volume":"595","author":"Boets","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Canfora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.037119","article-title":"Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00837.x","article-title":"Dairy consumption and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review of findings and methodological issues","volume":"12","author":"Crichton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.085761","article-title":"Hypotensive effects of solitary addition of conventional nonfat dairy products to the routine diet: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Machin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013342","article-title":"Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Stancliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0215-1","article-title":"Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0791-0","article-title":"Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia","volume":"50","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsw002","article-title":"The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness","volume":"23","author":"Nishijima","year":"2016","journal-title":"DNA Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/10\/1403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:23:40Z","timestamp":1760196220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/10\/1403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10101403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10101403","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]]}}}