{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:49:30Z","timestamp":1788356970405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish research council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["921.2014-7060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["921.2014-7060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Swedish Society for Medical Research","award":["S14-0195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S14-0195"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007687","name":"Swedish Society of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SLS-590371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLS-590371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Council for the South-East Sweden","award":["FORSS-234651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORSS-234651"]}]},{"name":"ALF, Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland","award":["LIO-601871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIO-601871"]}]},{"name":"Biogaia AB","award":["CSUB0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSUB0035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Difference in human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) composition in breast milk may be one explanation why some preterm infants develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) despite being fed exclusively with breast milk. The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of 15 dominant HMOs in breast milk during the neonatal period and investigate how their levels correlated to NEC, sepsis, and growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW; &lt;1000 g) infants who were exclusively fed with breast milk. Milk was collected from 91 mothers to 106 infants at 14 and 28 days and at postmenstrual week 36. The HMOs were analysed with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The HMOs diversity and the levels of Lacto-N-difucohexaose I were lower in samples from mothers to NEC cases, as compared to non-NEC cases at all sampling time points. Lacto-N-difucohexaose I is only produced by secretor and Lewis positive mothers. There were also significant but inconsistent associations between 3\u2032-sialyllactose and 6\u2032-sialyllactose and culture-proven sepsis and significant, but weak correlations between several HMOs and growth rate. Our results suggest that the variation in HMO composition in breast milk may be an important factor explaining why exclusively breast milk fed ELBW infants develop NEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"1556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Low Diversity of Human Milk Oligosaccharides is Associated with Necrotising Enterocolitis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Wejryd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-4656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magal\u00ed","family":"Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Marchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u00b4s and Children\u00b4s Health, Karolinska Insitute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Werme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baldvin","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u00b4s and Children\u00b4s Health, Karolinska Insitute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0541-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Landberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EXPRESS Group, Fellman, V., Hellstr\u00f6m-Westas, L., Norman, M., Westgren, M., K\u00e4ll\u00e9n, K., Lagercrantz, H., Mars\u00e1l, K., Serenius, F., and Wennergren, M. 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