{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:43:41Z","timestamp":1775263421245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Association of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Dosorders","award":["WAidid 2018_02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WAidid 2018_02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and asthma are complex disorders related to gene-environment interactions and various lifestyle factors. At present, they represent two of the most significant paediatric health problems worldwide, particularly in industrialized nations. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate possible therapeutic strategies to manage asthma in children with overweight\/obesity. PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published from January 2008 to June 2018 using the following key words: \u201casthma\u201d and \u201coverweight\u201d or \u201cobesity\u201d or \u201cobese\u201d and \u201cchildren\u201d or \u201cpaediatric\u201d. The literature review showed that growing evidence underlines the existence of an \u201cobese asthma\u201d phenotype characterised by difficult-to-control asthma with additional symptoms, worse control, more frequent and severe exacerbations, reduced response to inhaled corticosteroids, and lower quality of life than other phenotypes. Currently, therapeutic strategies centred on prevention are suggested and the development of resources to assist families with weight loss strategies seems useful for effective weight control and optimal asthma management. Studies on vitamin D supplementation and further knowledge are needed to better define the best therapeutic options to manage asthma in children with overweight\/obesity and to reduce the onset and severity of this chronic respiratory disease through the design of a multifactorial intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T04:26:39Z","timestamp":1541391999000},"page":"1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Children with Obesity and Asthma: Which Are the Best Options for Their Management?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Di Genova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Penta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Biscarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Cara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.08.025","article-title":"Childhood overweight\/obesity and asthma: Is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence","volume":"113","author":"Papoutsakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.e341","article-title":"Physical activity in urban schoolaged children with asthma","volume":"113","author":"Lang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, October 01). Asthma and Schools, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/HealthyYouth\/asthma."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, October 01). Childhood Obesity Facts, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/obesity\/facts.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000339","article-title":"The effect of obesity, weight gain, and weight loss on asthma inception and control","volume":"17","author":"Forno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1039OC","article-title":"Obesity and Airway Dysanapsis in Children with and without Asthma","volume":"195","author":"Forno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390, 2627\u20132642."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0170","article-title":"Global burden of asthma among children","volume":"18","author":"Asher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.070169","article-title":"Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"62","author":"Pearce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.03.019","article-title":"Obesity and asthma: A coincidence or a causal relationship? A. systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinmayr, G., Forastiere, F., B\u00fcchele, G., Jaensch, A., Strachan, D.P., and Nagel, G. (2014). Overweight\/obesity and respiratory and allergic disease in children: International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC) phase two. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113996"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12321","article-title":"Childhood body mass index and wheezing disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Mebrahtu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granell, R., Henderson, A.J., Evans, D.M., Smith, G.D., Ness, A.R., Lewis, S., Palmer, T.M., and Sterne, J.A.C. (2014). Effects of bmi, fat mass, and lean mass on asthma in childhood: A mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001669"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01055.x","article-title":"Gender difference of childhood overweight and obesity in predicting the risk of incident asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2221ED","article-title":"Metabolic dysregulation. Driving the obese asthma phenotype in adolescents?","volume":"191","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0675","article-title":"Does age impact the obese asthma phenotype? Longitudinal asthma control, airway function, and airflow perception among mild persistent asthmatics","volume":"140","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21065","article-title":"Obesity and obesity related co-morbidities in a referral population of children with asthma","volume":"44","author":"Ross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22707","article-title":"Obesity in children with poorly controlled asthma: Sex differences","volume":"48","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00911.x","article-title":"Body mass index and acute asthma severity among children presenting to the emergency department","volume":"21","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.11.007","article-title":"Excessive body weight is associated with additional loss of quality of life in children with asthma","volume":"119","author":"Rovers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2116OC","article-title":"Childhood obesity and asthma control in the GALA II and SAGE II studies","volume":"187","author":"Borrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00766-2016","article-title":"Childhood obesity in relation to poor asthma control and exacerbation: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Ahmadizar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0419OC","article-title":"Inflammatory and co-morbid features of patients with severe asthma and frequent exacerbations","volume":"195","author":"Denlinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.06.004","article-title":"Burden of obesity on pediatric inpatients with acute asthma exacerbation in the united states","volume":"4","author":"Okubo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2015-0094","article-title":"Impact of obesity on clinical outcomes in urban children hospitalized for status asthmaticus","volume":"6","author":"Aragona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.12.010","article-title":"Decreased response to inhaled steroids in overweight and obese asthmatic children","volume":"127","author":"Forno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"739","article-title":"Clinical implications of the obese-asthma phenotypes","volume":"34","author":"Diaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.03.036","article-title":"Obesity and asthma: An association modified by age of asthma onset","volume":"127","author":"Holguin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000024","article-title":"Mechanisms of obesity in asthma","volume":"14","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201608-1691OC","article-title":"Effects of Childhood Asthma on the Development of Obesity among School-aged Children","volume":"195","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.029","article-title":"Overweight children report qualitatively distinct asthma symptoms: Analysis of validated symptom measures","volume":"35","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg175","article-title":"Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children","volume":"158","author":"Gilliland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.09.005","article-title":"The influence of gender and atopy in the relationship between obesity and asthma in childhood","volume":"45","author":"Zallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-014-0069-1","article-title":"Obesity and asthma in children: Current and future therapeutic options","volume":"16","author":"Lang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2004.00164.x","article-title":"The relation between obesity and asthmatic airway inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.002","article-title":"Asthma, atopy, and airway inflammation in obese children","volume":"120","author":"Santamaria","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"346","article-title":"Airway inflammatory and spirometric measurements in obese children","volume":"15","author":"Chow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02263.x","article-title":"High levels and gender difference of exhaled nitric oxide in Chinese schoolchildren","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.03.020","article-title":"Measurements of exhaled nitric oxide in healthy subjects age 4 to 17 years","volume":"115","author":"Buchvald","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21023","article-title":"Extreme bmi predicts higher asthma prevalence and is associated with lung function impairment in school-aged children","volume":"44","author":"Chu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.05.009","article-title":"Obesity among Children Residing in Mexico City and its Impact on Lung Function: A Comparison with Mexican-Americans","volume":"37","author":"Rojas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900802712963","article-title":"Body mass index-percentile and diagnostic accuracy of childhood asthma","volume":"46","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-006-9026-4","article-title":"Relationship between asthma, overweight, and physical activity among u.s. High School Students","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Community Heal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2013.853081","article-title":"Asthma and physical activity in multiracial girls from three us sites","volume":"51","author":"Vangeepuram","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01597.x","article-title":"Airway inflammation in obese and nonobese patients with difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"63","author":"Sterk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2011.601778","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux disease on asthma control in obesity","volume":"48","author":"Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2540","article-title":"Anthropometric indicators of general and central obesity in the prediction of asthma in adolescents; central obesity in asthma","volume":"32","author":"Benedetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.03.004","article-title":"Obesity and asthma: Possible mechanisms","volume":"121","author":"Shore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuba, V.M., Leone, C., and Damiani, D. (2013). Is waist-to-height ratio a useful indicator of cardio-metabolic risk in 6\u201310-year-old children?. BMC Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-91"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.05.003","article-title":"Endothelial activation and inflammation in prepubertal obese turkish children","volume":"54","author":"Aybay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12699","article-title":"Changes in body mass index during childhood and risk of various asthma phenotypes: A retrospective analysis","volume":"28","author":"Chastang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20995","article-title":"The effect of obesity on pulmonary lung function of school aged children in Greece","volume":"44","author":"Spathopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC growth charts: United States","volume":"314","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Data"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.06.001","article-title":"Sex difference in the association between obesity and asthma in u.s. adults: Findings from a national study","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.12.1197","article-title":"The relationship between asthma and obesity in urban minority children and adolescents","volume":"152","author":"Gennuso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"223","article-title":"Pilot study of low-income parents\u2019 perspectives of managing asthma in high-risk infants and toddlers","volume":"33","author":"Koenig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-5","article-title":"How does asthma influence the daily life of children? results of focus group interviews","volume":"8","author":"Kooijman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heal. Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(03)00096-3","article-title":"Symptom perception and respiratory sensation: Clinical applications","volume":"38","author":"Meng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12525","article-title":"Asthma and obesity in children: Current evidence and potential systems biology approaches","volume":"70","author":"Frey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2015-0242","article-title":"Lack of recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of overweight\/obesity in children hospitalized for asthma","volume":"6","author":"Borgmeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hosp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2018, October 01). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Available online: www.ginasthma.org."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2689","article-title":"Obesity and bronchodilator response in black and Hispanic children and adolescents with asthma","volume":"147","author":"McGarry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00077205","article-title":"Influence of body mass index on the response to asthma controller agents","volume":"27","author":"Swern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.11.006","article-title":"Adipose tissue content and distribution in children and adolescents with bronchial asthma","volume":"109","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70566-X","article-title":"Growth and the growth hormone axis in prepubertal children with asthma","volume":"126","author":"Crowley","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willeboordse, M., Van De Kant, K.D., De Laat, M.N., Van Schayck, O.C., Mulkens, S., and Dompeling, E. (2013). Multifactorial intervention for children with asthma and overweight (mikado): Study design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Heal., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-494"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willeboordse, M., Van De Kant, K.D.G., Tan, F.E.S., Mulkens, S., Schellings, J., Crijns, Y., Van Der Ploeg, L., Van Schayck, C.P., and Dompeling, E. (2016). A Multifactorial Weight Reduction Programme for Children with Overweight and Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157158"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21502","article-title":"Interdisciplinary therapy improves biomarkers profile and lung function in asthmatic obese adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Cheik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01307","article-title":"The role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines on exercise-induced bronchospasm in obese adolescents undergoing treatment","volume":"57","author":"Cheik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, October 01). Physical Activity Basics, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/physicalactivity\/basics\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.06.002","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between asthma, overweight, and the effects of physical activity in youth","volume":"26","author":"Leinaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.01.036","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and inflammatory processes in childhood asthma: The role of psychological stress","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.01.014","article-title":"Physical activity, restrictions in activity, and body mass index among urban children with persistent asthma","volume":"118","author":"Holderness","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willeboordse, M., van de Kant, K.D., van der Velden, C.A., van Schayck, C.P., and Dompeling, E. (2016). Associations between asthma, overweight and physical activity in children: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3600-1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12115","article-title":"Diet-induced weight loss in obese children with asthma: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.128256","article-title":"Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two","volume":"65","author":"Nagel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2012.12.009","article-title":"Nutrigenetic response to omega-3 fatty acids in obese asthmatics (nooa): Rationale and methods","volume":"34","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200303-373OC","article-title":"Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes","volume":"168","author":"Mickleborough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1.39","article-title":"Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma","volume":"129","author":"Mickleborough","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2015.1042457","article-title":"The potential role of vitamin d in the link between obesity and asthma severity\/control in children","volume":"9","author":"Vo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2014.980509","article-title":"Efficacy of high-dose vitamin d in pediatric asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Pojsupap","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12856","article-title":"Improved control of childhood asthma with low-dose, short-term vitamin D supplementation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Tachimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2573","article-title":"Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"102","author":"Styne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/11\/1634\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:32:31Z","timestamp":1775259151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/11\/1634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10111634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10111634","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]}}}