{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:37:00Z","timestamp":1792021020124,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micronutrient inadequacy remains a nutritional problem in Chinese children. However, the associations between dietary diversity and inadequate micronutrient intake have not been extensively studied. A total of 2012 children aged 3\u201317 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey were included for analysis. Dietary diversity score (DDS) and food variety scores (FVS) were assessed based on three 24-h recall periods. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was used to determine the micronutrient adequacy of the diet. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR, %) was defined as the sum of each NAR divided by the number of involved micronutrients. Overall micronutrient inadequacy (OMI) was defined as having a MAR below 0.75. Micronutrient inadequacy was defined as the proportion of individuals whose nutrient intake was less than the estimated average requirement. After adjustment confounders, DDS and FVSs were positively associated with MAR and NAR of most nutrients except sodium (p &lt; 0.05). A higher DDS was negatively associated with the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, iron, zinc, selenium, niacin, phosphorus, magnesium and OMI. Similar results were found for FVSs. In conclusion, this study indicates that poor dietary diversity and food variety in Chinese children are directly associated with inadequate micronutrient intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T10:43:45Z","timestamp":1541414625000},"page":"1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Dietary Diversity and Food Variety in Chinese Children Aged 3\u201317 Years: Are They Negatively Associated with Dietary Micronutrient Inadequacy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1536-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia, 63 Xidawang Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China"},{"name":"Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., 8 Jinshan Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia, 63 Xidawang Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China"},{"name":"Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., 8 Jinshan Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia, 63 Xidawang Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China"},{"name":"Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., 8 Jinshan Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolien Annika van","family":"Loo-Bouwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yili Innovation Center Europe, Bronland 12E-1, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignatius","family":"Man-Yau Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia, 63 Xidawang Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China"},{"name":"Yili Innovation Center, Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., 8 Jinshan Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Under- and overnutrition dynamics in Chinese children and adults (1991\u20132004)","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651403500210","article-title":"Childhood Dual Burden of Under- and Overnutrition in Low- and Middle-inCome Countries: A Critical Review","volume":"35","author":"Tzioumis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chang, J., and Wang, Y. (2016). Comprehensive Report of 2010\u20132013 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance, Peking University Medical Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Chen, J., Wang, R., Li, M., Yun, C., Li, W., Yang, Y., Piao, J., Yang, X., and Yang, L. (2017). Vitamin D Nutritional Status and its Related Factors for Chinese Children and Adolescents in 2010\u20132012. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091024"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, D., Ouyang, Y., Huang, F., Ding, G., and Zhang, B. (2017). Do Chinese Children Get Enough Micronutrients?. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201704.0049.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society (2016). Chinese Dietary Guideline, People\u2019s Medical Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Yu, K., Tan, S., Zheng, Y., Zhao, A., Wang, P., and Zhang, Y. (2017). Dietary diversity scores: An indicator of micronutrient inadequacy instead of obesity for Chinese children. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4381-x"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dietary diversity and its relationship with nutritional status among adolescents and adults in rural India","volume":"50","author":"Nithya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.2.472","article-title":"Dietary Diversity Score Is a Useful Indicator of Micronutrient Intake in Non-Breast-Feeding Filipino Children","volume":"137","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conklin, A., Monsivais, P., Khaw, K.-T., Wareham, N., and Forouhi, N. (2016). Dietary Diversity, Diet Cost, and Incidence of Type 2Diabetes in the United Kingdom: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS Med.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002085"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danquah, I.A.O., Galbete, C., Meeks, K., Nicolaou, M., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., Addo, J., Aikins, A.D., Amoah, S.K., Agyei-Baffour, P., and Boateng, D. (2017). Food variety, dietary diversity, and type 2diabetes in a multi-center cross-sectional study among Ghanaian migrants in Europe and their compatriots in Ghana: The RODAM study. Eur. J. Nutr., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1538-4"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0912-5","article-title":"Dietary diversity and cognitive function among elderly people: A population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kennedy, G., Ballard, T., and Dop, M. (2010). Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12119","article-title":"The China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1989\u20132011","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp322","article-title":"Cohort profile: The China Health and Nutrition Survey\u2014Monitoring and understanding socio-economic and health change in China, 1989\u20132011","volume":"39","author":"Popkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20152307","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2307","article-title":"Association of Dietary Variety and Diversity with Body Mass Index in US Preschool Children","volume":"137","author":"Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wang, G., and Pan, X. (2009). China Food Composition Table, Peking University Medical Press."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society (2014). Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600662","article-title":"Food variety\u2014A good indicator of nutritional adequacy of the diet? A case study from an urban area in Mali, West Africa","volume":"52","author":"Hatloy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002389","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes: Summary of applications in dietary assessment","volume":"5","author":"Murphy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"299S","article-title":"Using DRIs for dietary assessment","volume":"17","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(96)00127-7","article-title":"Quantitative use of the Food Guide Pyramid to evaluate dietary intake of college students","volume":"96","author":"Schuette","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x","article-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards based on length\/height, weight and age","volume":"95","author":"Onis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta P\u00e6diatr."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2018). Screening for Overweight and Obesity among School-Age Children and Adolescents."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2018). Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-Age Children and Adolescents."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010002971","article-title":"Lack of dietary diversity and dyslipidaemia among stunted overweight children: The 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005912","article-title":"Food variety and dietary diversity scores in children: Are they good indicators of dietary adequacy?","volume":"9","author":"Steyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.093971","article-title":"Dietary Diversity Is a Good Predictor of the Micronutrient Density of the Diet of 6- to 23-Month-Old Children in Madagascar 1\u20133","volume":"138","author":"Moursi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"56","article-title":"Dietary diversity score in adolescents\u2014A good indicator of the nutritional adequacy of diets: Tehran lipid and glucose study","volume":"13","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010000522","article-title":"Dietary diversity score is related to obesity and abdominal adiposity among Iranian female youth","volume":"14","author":"Azadbakht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Health-Care Facilities to Prevent Overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition, World Health Organization. Updates for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650302400217","article-title":"Is Dietary Diversity an Indicator of Food Security or Dietary Quality? A Review of Measurement Issues and Research Needs","volume":"24","author":"Ruel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/11\/1674\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:27:58Z","timestamp":1760196478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/11\/1674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10111674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10111674","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]}}}