{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:25:46Z","timestamp":1789579546123,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gluten elimination may represent an effective treatment strategy for mood disorders in individuals with gluten-related disorders. However, the directionality of the relationship remains unclear. We performed a systematic review of prospective studies for effects of gluten on mood symptoms in patients with or without gluten-related disorders. Six electronic databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library) were searched, from inception to 8 August 2018, for prospective studies published in English. Meta-analyses with random-effects were performed. Three randomised-controlled trials and 10 longitudinal studies comprising 1139 participants fit the inclusion criteria. A gluten-free diet (GFD) significantly improved pooled depressive symptom scores in GFD-treated patients (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD) \u22120.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) \u22120.55 to \u22120.20; p &lt; 0.0001), with no difference in mean scores between patients and healthy controls after one year (SMD 0.01, 95% CI \u22120.18 to 0.20, p = 0.94). There was a tendency towards worsening symptoms for non-coeliac gluten sensitive patients during a blinded gluten challenge vs. placebo (SMD 0.21, 95% CI \u22120.58 to 0.15; p = 0.25). Our review supports the association between mood disorders and gluten intake in susceptible individuals. The effects of a GFD on mood in subjects without gluten-related disorders should be considered in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,9]],"date-time":"2018-11-09T03:08:02Z","timestamp":1541732882000},"page":"1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Mood Disorders and Gluten: It\u2019s Not All in Your Mind! A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1997-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor","family":"Busby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Bold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Fellows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Allied Health and Community, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Mid-Central District Health Board, Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, October 22). 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