{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:26:42Z","timestamp":1790756802488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effectiveness of biofeedback and neurofeedback has been investigated in a range of psychiatric disorders. However, to date, there are few studies on the clinical usefulness of feedback-based techniques for eating disorders (EDs) and EDs-related symptoms (e.g., food craving). A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and PsychINFO identified 162 articles. Among these, thirteen studies exploring the therapeutic use of biofeedback and neurofeedback in EDs or EDs-related symptoms were included. Biofeedback and neurofeedback were implemented respectively in five and eight of all reviewed articles. No studies incorporated different feedback modalities or both biofeedback and neurofeedback. The considered studies provide preliminary data of the usefulness of feedback-based techniques in the treatment of several dysfunctional eating behaviors (e.g., food craving, rumination). Although no significant effect has been reported for other important EDs-related symptoms (i.e., body image disturbance), feedback-based techniques are also associated with significant modifications of both sympathetic reaction to food-related stimuli and brain activity in several regions of the reward system (e.g., insula). Taken together the results of the present review suggest that feedback-based treatments may be useful in the treatment of several dysfunctional eating behaviors operating both on top-down and bottom-up individual coping strategies. Methodological and clinical issues are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1542799407000},"page":"1806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Feedback-Based Treatments for Eating Disorders and Related Symptoms: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8207-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Imperatori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Della Marca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Unit, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico Maria","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetto","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61748-7","article-title":"Eating disorders","volume":"375","author":"Treasure","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"61","author":"Hudson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379904400703","article-title":"Difficulties in treating patients with eating disorders: A review of patient and clinician variables","volume":"44","author":"Kaplan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000304","article-title":"Eating disorders","volume":"21","author":"Erzegovesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328365b656","article-title":"Classification, epidemiology and treatment of dsm-5 feeding and eating disorders","volume":"26","author":"Hoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2013.e10","article-title":"Feeding problems in healthy young children: Prevalence, related factors and feeding practices","volume":"5","author":"Benjasuwantep","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.22","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents. Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement","volume":"68","author":"Swanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0186-7","article-title":"Feeding and eating disorders in the dsm-5 era: A systematic review of prevalence rates in non-clinical male and female samples","volume":"5","author":"Wisting","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(90)90023-2","article-title":"The phenomenology of food cravings","volume":"15","author":"Weingarten","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(91)90019-O","article-title":"Food cravings in a college population","volume":"17","author":"Weingarten","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.17","article-title":"Development and validation of the food-craving inventory","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(200103)29:2<195::AID-EAT1009>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Gender differences in the relation between food cravings and mood in an adult community: Results from the fleurbaix laventie ville sante study","volume":"29","author":"Lafay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199712)22:4<403::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Food cravings in women with a history of anorexia nervosa","volume":"22","author":"Gendall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107312651","article-title":"Clinical validation of the trait and state versions of the food craving questionnaire","volume":"15","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01532.x","article-title":"Binge eating versus nonpurged eating in bulimics: Is there a carbohydrate craving after all?","volume":"89","author":"Norring","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00059-0","article-title":"Bulimics\u2019 responses to food cravings: Is binge-eating a product of hunger or emotional state?","volume":"39","author":"Waters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.01.011","article-title":"Food cravings discriminate between anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Implications for \u201csuccess\u201d versus \u201cfailure\u201d in dietary restriction","volume":"52","author":"Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2005.01.001","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the food craving inventory among obese patients with binge eating disorder","volume":"6","author":"White","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e21","article-title":"Binge eating and bis\/bas activity in obese patients with intense food craving who attend weight control programs","volume":"7","author":"Fabbricatore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.11.1992","article-title":"Diabetes Prevenion Program Research Group. Psychological and behavioral correlates of baseline bmi in the diabetes prevention program (DPP)","volume":"25","author":"Delahanty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2005.04.004","article-title":"Individual differences in reward sensitivity are related to food craving and relative body weight in healthy women","volume":"45","author":"Franken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00190","article-title":"A short version of the food cravings questionnaire-trait: The fcq-t-reduced","volume":"5","author":"Meule","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.09.010","article-title":"Food cravings discriminate differentially between successful and unsuccessful dieters and non-dieters. Validation of the food cravings questionnaires in german","volume":"58","author":"Meule","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.07.013","article-title":"Food cravings mediate the relationship between rigid, but not flexible control of eating behavior and dieting success","volume":"57","author":"Meule","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1991.69.2.683","article-title":"Role of craving for carbohydrates upon completion of a protein-sparing fast","volume":"69","author":"Sitton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12354","article-title":"Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review","volume":"17","author":"Boswell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410902851697","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of binge eating in an adolescent community sample","volume":"38","author":"Goossens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.004","article-title":"Grazing in adults with obesity and eating disorders: A systematic review of associated clinical features and meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"58","author":"Heriseanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22465","article-title":"Overeating with and without loss of control: Associations with weight status, weight-related characteristics, and psychosocial health","volume":"48","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414555814","article-title":"Royal australian and new zealand college of psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders","volume":"48","author":"Hay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000357","article-title":"Treatment of eating disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amianto, F., Ottone, L., Abbate Daga, G., and Fassino, S. (2015). Binge-eating disorder diagnosis and treatment: A recap in front of dsm-5. BMC Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0445-6"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125317743435","article-title":"Neuromodulation for the treatment of eating disorders and obesity","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2250","article-title":"The potential of neurofeedback in the treatment of eating disorders: A review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Bartholdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3109\/09638237.2011.648347","article-title":"Personalised computerised feedback in e-mental health","volume":"21","author":"Musiat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Yucha, C., and Montgomery, D. (2008). Evidence-Based Practice in Biofeedback and Neurofeedback, Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9246-9","article-title":"Biofeedback for psychiatric disorders: A. systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Schoenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.75.Suppl_2.S31","article-title":"Biofeedback: An overview in the context of heart-brain medicine","volume":"75","author":"McKee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.009","article-title":"Real-time fmri and its application to neurofeedback","volume":"62","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001690","article-title":"A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Brunoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0524-2","article-title":"Adhd and eeg-neurofeedback: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study","volume":"118","author":"Lansbergen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5298\/1081-5937-42.2.07","article-title":"Advances in assessment and treatment of ADHD using network analyses","volume":"42","author":"Thatcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2011.623089","article-title":"Neurofeedback and basic learning theory: Implications for research and practice","volume":"15","author":"Sherlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021061318355","article-title":"Template for developing guidelines for the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of psychophysiological interventions","volume":"27","author":"Hammond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00313","article-title":"Neurofeedback training for psychiatric disorders associated with criminal offending: A. review","volume":"8","author":"Fielenbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80009-X","article-title":"The development and validation of the state and trait food-cravings questionnaires","volume":"31","author":"Gleaves","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire?","volume":"16","author":"Fairburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.12.003","article-title":"Preliminary validation of the Yale food addiction scale","volume":"52","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90010-8","article-title":"The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger","volume":"29","author":"Stunkard","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"207","article-title":"Dysfunctional cognitions in eating disorders: Which contents areas can be discriminated?","volume":"36","author":"Legenbauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.3.1.32","article-title":"Development of a body image avoidance questionnaire","volume":"3","author":"Rosen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.11.001","article-title":"The modified trait and state food-cravings questionnaires: Development and validation of a general index of food craving","volume":"49","author":"Nijs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9558-x","article-title":"Neurofeedback of visual food cue reactivity: A potential avenue to alter incentive sensitization and craving","volume":"11","author":"Ihssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.010","article-title":"Coping food craving with neurofeedback. Evaluation of the usefulness of alpha\/theta training in a non-clinical sample","volume":"112","author":"Imperatori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-012-9197-y","article-title":"Heart rate variability biofeedback reduces food cravings in high food cravers","volume":"37","author":"Meule","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9297-6","article-title":"Neurofeedback reduces overeating episodes in female restrained eaters: A randomized controlled pilot-study","volume":"40","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2453","article-title":"Neurofeedback against binge eating: A randomized controlled trial in a female subclinical threshold sample","volume":"24","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2016.1160705","article-title":"Eeg neurofeedback effects in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa","volume":"24","author":"Lackner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200x.2000.01176.x","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and biofeedback mitigation in preadolescents with eating disorders","volume":"42","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.04.018","article-title":"Biofeedback-guided control of abdominothoracic muscular activity reduces regurgitation episodes in patients with rumination","volume":"13","author":"Barba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12737","article-title":"Diaphragmatic breathing for rumination syndrome: Efficacy and mechanisms of action","volume":"28","author":"Halland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.14704\/nq.2017.15.2.1067","article-title":"Neuro-feedback training for overweight women: Improvement of food craving and mental health","volume":"15","author":"Fattahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroQuantology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30181-7","article-title":"Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of closed-loop infraslow brain training in food addiction","volume":"8","author":"Leong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.01.032","article-title":"Volitional regulation of brain responses to food stimuli in overweight and obese subjects: A real-time fmri feedback study","volume":"112","author":"Spetter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-013-9223-8","article-title":"Impact of biofeedback on self-efficacy and stress reduction in obesity: A randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Teufel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., and Green, S. (2011). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0, The Cochrane Collaboration."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"143","article-title":"Neurofeedback: A comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications","volume":"7","author":"Marzbani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.004","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of anxious rumination","volume":"71","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.004","article-title":"Eeg-neurofeedback for optimising performance. Ii: Creativity, the performing arts and ecological validity","volume":"44","author":"Gruzelier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-017-0593-8","article-title":"Alpha\/theta neurofeedback increases mentalization and default mode network connectivity in a non-clinical sample","volume":"30","author":"Imperatori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewer, M., Bauer, A., Hartmann, A.S., and Vocks, S. (2017). Different facets of body image disturbance in binge eating disorder: A review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121294"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0174-y","article-title":"Effects of a cognitive-behavioral exposure-based body image therapy for overweight females with binge eating disorder: A pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Lewer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/11\/1806\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:30:52Z","timestamp":1760196652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/11\/1806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10111806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10111806","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]}}}