{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:12:27Z","timestamp":1790709147294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the interest in the human microbiome and its interplay with the host has exploded and provided new insights on its role in conferring host protection and regulating host physiology, including the correct development of immunity. However, in the presence of microbial imbalance and particular genetic settings, the microbiome may contribute to the dysfunction of host metabolism and physiology, leading to pathogenesis and\/or the progression of several diseases. Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy triggered by dietary gluten exposure in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite ascertaining that gluten is the trigger in CD, evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is somehow involved in the pathogenesis, progression, and clinical presentation of CD. Indeed, several studies have reported imbalances in the intestinal microbiota of patients with CD that are mainly characterized by an increased abundance of Bacteroides spp. and a decrease in Bifidobacterium spp. The evidence that some of these microbial imbalances still persist in spite of a strict gluten-free diet and that celiac patients suffering from persistent gastrointestinal symptoms have a desert gut microbiota composition further support its close link with CD. All of this evidence gives rise to the hypothesis that probiotics might play a role in this condition. In this review, we describe the recent scientific evidences linking the gut microbiota in CD, starting from the possible role of microbes in CD pathogenesis, the attempt to define a microbial signature of disease, the effect of a gluten-free diet and host genetic assets regarding microbial composition to end in the exploration of the proof of concept of probiotic use in animal models to the most recent clinical application of selected probiotic strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T03:41:31Z","timestamp":1542944491000},"page":"1824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Probiotics in Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cristofori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, \u201cSS Annunziata\u201d Hospital, 74100 Taranto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Indrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Via Amendola 207, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito Leonardo","family":"Miniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Via Amendola 207, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruggiero","family":"Francavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Via Amendola 207, 70126 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","article-title":"Celiac disease","volume":"357","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.60","article-title":"Increasing incidence of celiac disease in a North American population","volume":"108","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/jcgh.2003.50004","article-title":"Trends in the identification and clinical features of celiac disease in a North American community, 1950\u20132001","volume":"1","author":"Murray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0932","article-title":"The rising incidence of celiac disease in Scotland","volume":"132","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.07.018","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota modulates gluten-induced immunopathology in humanized mice","volume":"185","author":"Galipeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sellitto, M., Bai, G., Serena, G., Fricke, W.F., Sturgeon, C., Gajer, P., White, J.R., Koenig, S.S., Sakamoto, J., and Boothe, D. (2012). Proof of concept of microbiome-metabolome analysis and delayed gluten exposure on celiac disease autoimmunity in genetically at-risk infants. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033387"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078824","article-title":"Gut-associated bacterial microbiota in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Conte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11551","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system","volume":"489","author":"Maynard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, S., Oelschlaeger, T.A., Wullaert, A., Vlantis, K., Pasparakis, M., Wehkamp, J., Stange, E.F., and Gersemann, M. (2013). Bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell differentiation factors both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/13f3d7ee-a72c-4879-bedb-8e73b6b364ac"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085314","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and celiac disease: Cause, consequence or coevolution?","volume":"7","author":"Olivares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.90","article-title":"Novel players in coeliac disease pathogenesis: Role of the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Verdu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","article-title":"The gut microbiota\u2014Masters of host development and physiology","volume":"11","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.03.008","article-title":"Cesarean versus vaginal delivery: Long-term infant outcomes and the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"38","author":"Neu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Costello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000490847","article-title":"Intervention for Dysbiosis in Children Born by C-Section","volume":"73","author":"Francavilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.2.15414","article-title":"Cesarean delivery is associated with celiac disease but not inflammatory bowel disease in children","volume":"2","author":"Decker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12836","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease","volume":"104","author":"Adlercreutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.082016","article-title":"Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"91","author":"Akobeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S152168","article-title":"Mode of delivery is not associated with celiac disease","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1787","article-title":"Age at gluten introduction and risk of celiac disease","volume":"135","author":"Aronsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1202","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1752","article-title":"Early feeding and risk of celiac disease in a prospective birth cohort","volume":"132","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, G.D., Capilla, A., Nova, E., Castillejo, G., Varea, V., Pozo, T., Garrote, J.A., Polanco, I., L\u00f3pez, A., and Ribes-Koninckx, C. (2012). Influence of milk-feeding type and genetic risk of developing coeliac disease on intestinalbmicrobiota of infants: The PROFICEL study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030791"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0692-1","article-title":"Human milk composition differs in healthy mothers and mothers with celiac disease","volume":"54","author":"Olivares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306931","article-title":"The HLA-DQ2 genotype selects for early intestinal microbiota composition in infants at high risk of developing coeliac disease","volume":"64","author":"Olivares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.07.003","article-title":"The genetics of celiac disease: A comprehensive review of clinical implications","volume":"64","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9325","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115470","article-title":"Celiac Disease Genomic, Environmental, Microbiome, and Metabolomic (CDGEMM) Study Design: Approach to the Future of Personalized Prevention of Celiac Disease","volume":"7","author":"Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"9","article-title":"Differences between the fecal microbiota of coeliac infants and healthy controls","volume":"8","author":"Collado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00337.x","article-title":"Differences in faecal bacterial communities in coeliac and healthy children as detected by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis","volume":"51","author":"Sanz","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47410-0","article-title":"Imbalance in the composition of the duodenal microbiota of children with coeliac disease","volume":"56","author":"Nadal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.061366","article-title":"Specific duodenal and faecal bacterial groups associated with paediatric coeliac disease","volume":"62","author":"Collado","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02793-08","article-title":"Different fecal microbiotas and volatile organic compounds in treated and untreated children with celiac disease","volume":"75","author":"Rizzello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.524","article-title":"Proximal small intestinal microbiota and identification of rod-shaped bacteria associated with childhood celiac disease","volume":"104","author":"Ou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schippa, S., Iebba, V., Barbato, M., Di Nardo, G., Totino, V., Checchi, M.P., Longhi, C., Maiella, G., Cucchiara, S., and Conte, M.P. (2010). A distinctive \u2018\u2018microbial signature\u2019\u2019 in celiac pediatric patients. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-175"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Palma, G., Nadal, I., Medina, M., Donat, E., Ribes-Koninckx, C., Calabuig, M., and Sanz, Y. (2010). Intestinal dysbiosis and reduced immunoglobulin-coated bacteria associated with coeliac disease in children. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-63"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.076950","article-title":"Intestinal Bacteroides species associated with coeliac disease","volume":"63","author":"Sanchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Cagno, R., De Angelis, M., De Pasquale, I., Ndagijimana, M., Vernocchi, P., Ricciuti, P., Gagliardi, F., Laghi, L., Crecchio, C., and Guerzoni, M.E. (2011). Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: Molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-219"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.03.025","article-title":"Differences in faecal bacteria populations and faecal bacteria metabolism in healthy adults and celiac disease patients","volume":"94","author":"Nistal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21830","article-title":"Differences of small intestinal bacteria populations in adults and children with\/ without celiac disease: Effect of age, gluten diet, and disease","volume":"18","author":"Nistal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-200759","article-title":"Intestinal Staphylococcus spp. and virulent features associated with coeliac disease","volume":"65","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000331794","article-title":"Oral findings and salivary parameters in children with celiac disease: A preliminary study","volume":"21","author":"Acar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.775666","article-title":"Composition and diversity of the duodenal mucosa-associated microbiome in children with untreated coeliac disease","volume":"48","author":"Budding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00869-13","article-title":"Duodenal-mucosal bacteria associated with celiac disease in children","volume":"79","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31828029a9","article-title":"The duodenal microbiota composition of adult celiac disease patients is associated with the clinical manifestation of the disease","volume":"19","author":"Wacklin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Kalliomaki, M., Heilig, H.G.H.J., Palva, A., L\u00e4hteenoja, H., de Vos, W.M., Saloj\u00e4rvi, J., and Satokari, R. (2013). Duodenal microbiota composition and mucosal homeostasis in pediatric celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-113"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00362-14","article-title":"Salivary microbiota and metabolome associated with celiac disease","volume":"80","author":"Francavilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.355","article-title":"Altered duodenal microbiota composition in celiac disease patients suffering from persistent symptoms on a long-term gluten-free diet","volume":"109","author":"Wacklin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"224","article-title":"The duodenal microbiota composition in children with active coeliac disease is influenced by the degree of enteropathy","volume":"84","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Pediatr. (Barc.)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.95","article-title":"Metagenomics Reveals Dysbiosis and a Potentially Pathogenic, N. flavescens Strain in Duodenum of Adult Celiac Patients","volume":"111","author":"Casaburi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quagliariello, A., Aloisio, I., Bozzi Cionci, N., Luiselli, D., D\u2019Auria, G., Martinez-Priego, L., P\u00e9rez-Villarroya, D., Langerholc, T., Primec, M., and Mi\u010deti\u0107-Turk, D. (2016). Effect of Bifidobacterium breve on the Intestinal Microbiota of Coeliac Children on a Gluten Free Diet: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8100660"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, N., Faller, L., Leffler, D.A., Kelly, C.P., Hansen, J., Bosch, J.A., Wei, G., Paster, B.J., Schuppan, D., and Helmerhorst, E.J. (2017). Salivary Gluten Degradation and Oral Microbial Profiles in Healthy Individuals and Celiac Disease Patients. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 83.","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03330-16"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"28","article-title":"Microbiome and gluten","volume":"2","author":"Sanz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3858","article-title":"Celiac disease: A review","volume":"168","author":"Guandalini","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509371767","article-title":"Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects","volume":"102","author":"Nadal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001960","article-title":"Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult human subjects-comment by Jackson","volume":"104","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galipeau, H., McCarville, J.L., Moeller, S., Murray, J., Alaedini, A., Jabri, B., and Verdu, E. (2014). Gluten-induced responses in NOD\/DQ8 mice are influenced by bacterial colonization. Gastroenterology, 146.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(14)63025-0"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.04.006","article-title":"Adjuvant effect of Lactobacillus casei in a mouse model of gluten sensitivity","volume":"119","author":"Maurano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02582.x","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus casei administration in a mouse model of gliadin-sensitive enteropathy","volume":"74","author":"Stefanile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.13","article-title":"Gluten induces coeliac-like disease in sensitised mice involving IgA, CD71 and transglutaminase 2 interactions that are prevented by probiotics","volume":"92","author":"Papista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03635.x","article-title":"Live probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis bacteria inhibit the toxic effects induced by wheat gliadin in epithelial cell culture","volume":"152","author":"Lindfors","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laparra, J.M., Olivares, M., Gallina, O., and Sanz, Y. (2012). Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 modulates immune responses in a gliadin-induced enteropathy animal model. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030744"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.08.003","article-title":"Modulation of the immune response by probiotic strains in a mouse model of gluten sensitivity","volume":"48","author":"Maurano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31827759ac","article-title":"Exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis Natren life start strain super strain in active celiac disease","volume":"47","author":"Smecuol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000687","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis NLS Super Strain Reduces the Expression of \u03b1-Defensin-5, a Marker of Innate Immunity, in the Mucosa of Active Celiac Disease Patients","volume":"51","author":"Smecuol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000609","article-title":"Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial to evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347 in children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease","volume":"112","author":"Olivares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9048574","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9048574","article-title":"Probiotics and the microbiome in celiac disease: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"2016","author":"Harnett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3769-7","article-title":"Administration of Bifidobacterium breve Decreases the Production of TNF-\u03b1 in Children with Celiac Disease","volume":"60","author":"Klemenak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Primec, M., Klemenak, M., Di Gioia, D., Aloisio, I., Bozzi Cionci, N., Quagliariello, A., Gorenjak, M., Mi\u010deti\u0107-Turk, D., and Langerholc, T. (2018). Clinical intervention using Bifidobacterium strains in celiac disease children reveals novel microbial modulators of TNF-\u03b1 and short-chain fatty acids. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.931"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francavilla, R., Piccolo, M., Francavilla, A., Polimeno, L., Semeraro, F., Cristofori, F., Castellaneta, S., Barone, M., Indrio, F., and Gobbetti, M. (2018). Clinical and Microbiological Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation in Celiac Patients with Persistent IBS-type Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Trial. J. Clin. Gastroenterol.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001023"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losurdo, G., Marra, A., Shahini, E., Girardi, B., Giorgio, F., Amoruso, A., Pisani, A., Piscitelli, D., Barone, M., and Principi, M. (2017). Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and celiac disease: A systematic review with pooled-data analysis. Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 29.","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13028"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/12\/1824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:34Z","timestamp":1760196694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/12\/1824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10121824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10121824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]}}}