{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:17Z","timestamp":1787029217774,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet quality based on inflammatory potential, assessed by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII\u00ae), has been related to mortality, but studies from racially\/ethnically diverse populations are scarce. Using data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and California, we investigated the association of the DII with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality, both overall and by race\/ethnicity. The analysis included 150,405 African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Whites aged 45\u201375 years, with 47,436 deaths during an average follow-up of 18.2 \u00b1 4.9 years. In multivariable-adjusted Cox models, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest vs. lowest quintile of the DII in men and women were 1.15 (1.09\u20131.21) and 1.22 (1.14\u20131.28) for all-cause, 1.13 (1.03\u20131.23) and 1.29 (1.17\u20131.42) for CVD, and 1.10 (1.00\u20131.21) and 1.13 (1.02\u20131.26) for cancer mortality. In men, an increased risk of all-cause mortality with higher DII scores was found in all racial\/ethnic groups except for Native Hawaiians (P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.001). Similarly, in women, an increased risk of CVD mortality was found in the four racial\/ethnic groups, but not in Native Hawaiians. These findings support the association of a pro-inflammatory diet with a higher risk of mortality and suggest the association may vary by race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Dietary Inflammatory Index and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-5320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song-Yi","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minji","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"},{"name":"Center for Gendered Innovations in Science and Technology Research (GISTeR), Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne R.","family":"Wilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5131-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurii B.","family":"Shvetsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brook E.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 292008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 292008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 292008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Haiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Le Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7517-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol J.","family":"Boushey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00323","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation development","volume":"3","author":"Murakami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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