{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:27:07Z","timestamp":1792265227240,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011755","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIOSTRATEG2\/298205\/9\/NCBR\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOSTRATEG2\/298205\/9\/NCBR\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Myo-inositol and its derivatives cyclitols play an important role in the processes of cell regulation, signal transduction, osmoregulation, and ion channel physiology, and are a component of the cell membrane. Free cyclitols present in food or released during the degradation of galactosyl cyclitols by bacteria (in digestive tract) show some physiological benefits. Aim: The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the documented data about curative and healing properties of cyclitols. Results and discussion: Cyclitols are well known compounds in the treatment of an accompanied diabetes insulin resistance, and also obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome. d-chiro-Inositol deficiency exacerbates insulin resistance in the liver, muscles, and fat, while depletion of myo-inositol results in the development of diabetic complications. Cyclitols are successfully applied in treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome, simultaneous are observed effective reducing of BMI, improving the hormonal profile, and increasing fertility. Moreover, cyclitols have anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Conclusion: The properties of cyclitols may be a good therapeutic option in the reduction of metabolically induced inflammation. Due to well drugs tolerance and low toxicity of these compounds, cyclitols are recommend for pregnant women and also for children. Another advantage is their widespread presence and easy availability, which encourages their use in medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"1891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Healing-Promoting Properties of Selected Cyclitols\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Owczarczyk-Saczonek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-1871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Les\u0142aw Bernard","family":"Lahuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ligor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Placek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard J\u00f3zef","family":"G\u00f3recki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Buszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2016.12.009","article-title":"A window on cyclitols: Characterization and analytics of inositols","volume":"20","author":"Ligor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(99)00150-8","article-title":"myo-Inositol metabolism in plants","volume":"150","author":"Loewus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.020610","article-title":"Expression of 1L-Myoinositol-1-Phosphate synthase in organelles","volume":"132","author":"Lackey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"\u00d6zturan, A., Arslan, S., Kocaadam, B., Elibol, E., \u0130mamo\u011flu, \u0130., and Karada\u011f, M.G. (2017). Effect of inositol and its derivatives on diabetes: A systematic review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krezhova, D. (2011). Extraction and analysis of inositols and other carbohydrates from soybean plant tissues. Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products, In-Tech Open Access Publisher.","DOI":"10.5772\/1005"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201502227","article-title":"The \u201cother\u201d inositols and their phosphates: Synthesis, biology, and medicine (with recent advances in myo-inositol chemistry)","volume":"55","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-012-0132-3","article-title":"Manipulation of inositol metabolism for improved plant survival under stress: A \u201cnetwork engineering approach\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Sengupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00656","article-title":"Significance of galactinol and raffinose family oligosaccharide synthesis in plants","volume":"6","author":"Sengupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"166","article-title":"The potential benefits of plant cyclitols in the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"25","author":"Lahuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1996.09040537.x","article-title":"Coordinate transcriptional induction of myo-inositol metabolism during environmental stress","volume":"9","author":"Ishitani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"158","article-title":"Statement of the Polish Gynecological Society on the application of myo-inozytol in patients with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome)","volume":"85","author":"Szkodziak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"47","article-title":"D-Chiro-Inositol\u2014Its functional role in insulin action and its deficit in insulin resistance","volume":"3","author":"Larner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Diab. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.05.011","article-title":"Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases","volume":"95","author":"Croze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberts, B., Bray, D., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., and Rober, K. (2013). Chapter 16. Cell signaling. Essential Cell Biology, Garland Science. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315815015"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Inositol: History of an effective therapy for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Bizzarri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-007-0071-0","article-title":"Soy pinitol acts partly as an insulin sensitizer or insulin mediator in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes","volume":"2","author":"Do","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2009_03_233","article-title":"D-pinitol attenuates the impaired activities of hepatic key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"28","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E932","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00479.2011","article-title":"Herbal constituent sequoyitol improves hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance by targeting hepatocytes, adipocytes, and \u03b2-cells","volume":"302","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.240","article-title":"Sodium\/myo-inositol cotransporter 1 and myo-inositol are essential for osteogenesis and bone formation","volume":"26","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.01.002","article-title":"D-pinitol inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509779103","article-title":"Inositols prevent and reverse endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rat and rabbit vasculature metabolically and by scavenging superoxide","volume":"103","author":"Nascimento","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.07.014","article-title":"Impact of d-pinitol on the attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines, hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and protection of kidney tissue ultrastructure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"188","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9790","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14059790","article-title":"D-pinitol inhibits prostate cancer metastasis through inhibition of \u03b1V\u03b23 integrin by modulating FAK, c-Src and NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-015-0397-9","article-title":"D-pinitol mitigates tumor growth by modulating interleukins and hormones and induces apoptosis in rat breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of NF-\u03baB","volume":"71","author":"Rengarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-07-2424","article-title":"Pinitol targets nuclear factor- B activation pathway leading to inhibition of gene products associated with proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Sethi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Therap."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.90963","article-title":"D-pinitol and myo-inositol stimulate translocation of glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscle of C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"74","author":"Dang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18677","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151018677","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by small guanosine triphosphatases in skeletal muscle and adipocytes","volume":"15","author":"Satoh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.11.008","article-title":"Human sodium\/inositol cotransporter 2 (SMIT2) transports inositols but not glucose in L6 cells","volume":"481","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e1844","article-title":"New therapeutic approaches in obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Saleem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.05.001","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and brain myo-Inositol are early biomarkers of epileptogenesis in a rat model of epilepsy","volume":"93","author":"Pascente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e306","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000306","article-title":"Antibodies to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor 1 in patients with cerebellar disease","volume":"4","author":"Fouka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2016.1144741","article-title":"Inositol\u2019s and other nutraceuticals\u2019 synergistic actions counteract insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome and metabolic syndrome: State-of-the-art and future perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23533","article-title":"Inositol, neural tube closure and the prevention of neural tube defects","volume":"109","author":"Greene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0243","article-title":"Myo-inositol effects in women with PCOS: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Unfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703523","article-title":"Insulin-like effect of pinitol","volume":"130","author":"Bates","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.04.042","article-title":"A single acute dose of pinitol from a naturally-occurring food ingredient decreases hyperglycaemia and circulating insulin levels in healthy subjects","volume":"141","author":"Peris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, C., Cubedo, J., Padr\u00f3, T., Vilahur, G., L\u00f3pez-Bernal, S., Rocha, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mijares, A., and Badimon, L. (2018). Effects of a carob-pod-derived sweetener on glucose metabolism. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030271"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.02.004","article-title":"D-chiro-inositol glycan stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic \u03b2 cells","volume":"387","author":"Lazarenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-011-9042-0","article-title":"Metabolic and molecular action of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and trace metals in experimental diabetic tissues","volume":"36","author":"Baquer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.9.182","article-title":"Pinitol from soybeans reduces postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602081","article-title":"Effects of pinitol isolated from soybeans on glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"221","article-title":"Interactions between phytochemical components of Sutherlandia Frutescens and the antiretroviral, atazanavir in vitro: Implications for absorption and metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Patnala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"163","article-title":"Fasting decreases the content of D-chiroinositol in human skeletal muscle","volume":"3","author":"Shashkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.05.008","article-title":"Insulin-stimulated release of D-chiro-inositol\u2013containing inositolphosphoglycan mediator correlates with insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Cheang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2016.1206887","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of inositol(s) in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Bizzarri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0189-2","article-title":"Modulation of gonadotrophin induced steroidogenic enzymes in granulosa cells by d-chiroinositol","volume":"14","author":"Sacchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1100001","article-title":"Effects of GLUT4 expression on insulin resistance in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Shan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"19","article-title":"Insulin and insulin resistance","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6019","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01238","article-title":"Effects of D-pinitol on insulin resistance through the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"63","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12400","article-title":"Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: Insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Altaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.050","article-title":"Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) as a potential anti-diabetic drug","volume":"161","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-018-2734-4","article-title":"The occurrence and accumulation of D-pinitol in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)","volume":"40","author":"Lahuta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7287","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0302153","article-title":"Buckwheat concentrate reduces serum glucose in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"51","author":"Kawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978606","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic effects of 3-o-methyl-d-chiro-inositol and d-chiro-inositol associated with manganese in streptozotocin diabetic rats","volume":"32","author":"Fonteles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9132052","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9132052","article-title":"The effectiveness of myo-inositol and D-chiro inositol treatment in type 2 diabetes","volume":"2016","author":"Pintaudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00836.x","article-title":"Gene CNVs and protein levels of complement C4A and C4B as novel biomarkers for partial disease remissions in new-onset type 1 diabetes patients","volume":"13","author":"Kingery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4542","article-title":"Low circulating levels of IGF-1 in healthy adults are associated with reduced \u03b2-cell function, increased intramyocellular lipid, and enhanced fat utilization during fasting","volume":"99","author":"Thankamony","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.010","article-title":"Acid-labile subunit (ALS) deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Hwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e240","article-title":"Can trans resveratrol plus D-chiro-inositol and myo-inositol improve maternal metabolic profile in overweight pregnant patients?","volume":"168","author":"Malvasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2017.939","article-title":"The influence of D-chiro-inositol and D-myo-inositol in pregnant women with glucose intolerance","volume":"7","author":"Sarlo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.7.1000","article-title":"Effect of pinitol treatment on insulin action in subjects with insulin resistance","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8720342","article-title":"Myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol in improving insulin resistance in obese male children: Preliminary data","volume":"2016","author":"Mancini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.01.115","article-title":"D-chiro-inositol glycan reduces food intake by regulating hypothalamic neuropeptide expression via AKT-FoxO1 pathway","volume":"470","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904293401703","article-title":"Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"340","author":"Nestler","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"209","article-title":"A pilot study: Effects of decreasing serum insulin with diazoxide on vitamin D levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"123","author":"Nestler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effects of inositol on ovarian function and metabolic factors in women with PCOS: A randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Gerli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2014.897321","article-title":"Modulatory role of D-chiro-inositol (DCI) on LH and insulin secretion in obese PCOS patients","volume":"30","author":"Genazzani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0307-z","article-title":"Protein modification as oxidative stress marker in follicular fluid from women with polycystic ovary syndrome: The effect of inositol and metformin","volume":"31","author":"Piomboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.362","article-title":"The rationale of the myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol combined treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Dinicola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.027","article-title":"The D-chiro-inositol paradox in the ovary","volume":"95","author":"Carlomagno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469409","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5469409","article-title":"Inositol and in vitro fertilization with embryo transfer","volume":"2017","author":"Simi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"509","article-title":"Effects of myo-inositol supplementation on oocyte\u2019s quality in PCOS patients: A double blind trial","volume":"15","author":"Ciotta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3204083","article-title":"A Combined therapy with myo-inositol and d-chiro-inositol improves endocrine parameters and insulin resistance in PCOS young overweight women","volume":"2016","author":"Benelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"5491","article-title":"Can high levels of D-chiro-inositol in follicular fluid exertdetrimental effects on blastocyst quality?","volume":"21","author":"Ravanos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00341","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: Insights into the therapeutic approach with inositols","volume":"8","author":"Sortino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"30","article-title":"Myo-inositol as a male fertility molecule: Speed them up!","volume":"21","author":"Condorelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.39","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Schulz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.12.010","article-title":"Potent antihypertensive effect of Hancornia speciosa leaves extract","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.06.031","article-title":"Hancornia speciosa Gomes induces hypotensive effect through inhibition of ACE and increase on NO","volume":"137","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.06.009","article-title":"Nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation by ethanolic extract of Hancornia speciosa via phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase","volume":"109","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800241","article-title":"Metabolic response of soy pinitol on lipid-lowering, antioxidant and hepatoprotective action in hamsters fed-high fat and high cholesterol diet","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.220","article-title":"Effects of soy pinitol on the pro-inflammatory cytokines and scavenger receptors in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated THP-1 macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12689","article-title":"Macrophage-mediated cholesterol handling in atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.179697","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and atherosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Steinberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01041.x","article-title":"Inositol and higher inositol phosphates in neural tissues: Homeostasis, metabolism and functional significance","volume":"82","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2017.01.007","article-title":"Tipping the scales: Lessons from simple model systems on inositol imbalance in neurological disorders","volume":"96","author":"Frej","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00174.x","article-title":"Bipolar disorder and myo-inositol: A review of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings","volume":"7","author":"Silverstone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.015","article-title":"Investigating the efficacy of a combination A\u03b2-targeted treatment in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1678","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Daghri, N.M., Alokail, M.S., Alkharfy, K.M., Mohammed, A.K., Abd-Alrahman, S.H., Yakout, S.M., Amer, O.E., and Krishnaswamy, S. (2012). Fenugreek extract as an inducer of cellular death via autophagy in human T lymphoma Jurkat cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-202"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsemari, A., Alkhodairy, F., Aldakan, A., Al-Mohanna, M., Bahoush, E., Shinwari, Z., and Alaiya, A. (2014). The selective cytotoxic anti-cancer properties and proteomic analysis of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-114"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/088800100276343","article-title":"Primary T-cell lymphoma of the brain in children: A case report and literature review","volume":"17","author":"Sabbah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.1392.13.8","article-title":"Diosgenin, a steroid saponin of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek), inhibits azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 rats and induces apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Raju","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.8.3.7443","article-title":"Fenugreek: A naturally occurring edible spice as an anticancer agent","volume":"8","author":"Shabbeer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.09.030","article-title":"Antiallergic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. extracts on allergic skin inflammation induced by trimellitic anhydride in BALB\/c mice","volume":"144","author":"Bae","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.11.028","article-title":"The immunosuppressive effects of Agyrolobium roseum and pinitol in experimental animals","volume":"11","author":"Chauhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/12\/1891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:30:49Z","timestamp":1760196649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/12\/1891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10121891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10121891","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]}}}