{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:17:24Z","timestamp":1785165444168,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]],"date-time":"2009-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1261008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immunogenic potential of \u03b1-gliadin protein from two ancient wheats was studied with reference to coeliac disease. To this aim we investigated Graziella Ra\u00ae and Kamut\u00ae (the latter is considered an ancient relative of modern durum wheat) in comparison to four durum wheat accessions (Senatore Cappelli, Flaminio, Grazia and Svevo). ELISA and Western Blot analyses - carried out by two monoclonal antibodies raised against the \u03b1-gliadin peptides p31-49 (LGQQQPFPQQPYPQPQPF) and p56-75 (LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPY) containing a core region (underlined) reported to be toxic for coeliac patients - always showed an antibody-antigen positive reaction. For all accessions, an \u03b1-gliadin gene has also been cloned and sequenced. Deduced amino acid sequences constantly showed the toxic motifs. In conclusion, we strongly recommend that coeliac patients should avoid consuming Graziella Ra\u00ae or Kamut\u00ae. In fact their \u03b1-gliadin not only is as toxic as one of the other wheat accessions, but also occurs in greater amount, which is in line with the higher level of proteins in ancient wheats when compared to modern varieties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu1020276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]],"date-time":"2009-12-18T12:47:28Z","timestamp":1261140448000},"page":"276-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Immunogenicity Characterization of Two Ancient Wheat \u03b1-Gliadin Peptides Related to Coeliac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Armando","family":"Gregorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DiPsiTer, University of Urbino \u201cCarlo Bo\u201d, via Ubaldini 17, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariastella","family":"Colomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiSUAN, University of Urbino \u201cCarlo Bo\u201d, via Maggetti 22, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Julia","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Ciclitira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, St. Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.075119","article-title":"Recent advances in celiac disease","volume":"55","author":"West","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)70237-4","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"349","author":"Maki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(02)80184-0","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"34","author":"Martucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Digest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2006.03.011","article-title":"Celiac disease - Sandwiched between innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"67","author":"Stepniak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00532-X","article-title":"Celiac disease genetics: current concepts and practical applications","volume":"3","author":"Sollid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30253","article-title":"Celiac disease: pathogenesis of a model immunogenetic disease","volume":"117","author":"Kagnoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-005-0780-8","article-title":"T-cell recognition of HLADQ2-bound gluten peptides can be influenced by an N-terminal proline at p-1","volume":"57","author":"Stepniak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200605000-00005","article-title":"The toxicity of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat to patients with coeliac disease","volume":"18","author":"Dewar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074129","article-title":"Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue","volume":"297","author":"Shan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91837-6","article-title":"Wheat peptide challenge in coeliac disease","volume":"343","author":"Sturgess","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306885101","article-title":"Structural basis for HLA-DQ2-mediated presentation of gluten epitopes in celiac disease","volume":"101","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199910)29:10<3133::AID-IMMU3133>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Glutenin is involved in the gluten-driven mucosal T cell response","volume":"29","author":"Kooy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33606","article-title":"The gluten response in children with celiac disease is directed toward multiple gliadin and glutenin peptides","volume":"122","author":"Vader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18149","article-title":"Interleukin 15 mediates epithelial changes in celiac disease","volume":"119","author":"Maiuri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.4.603","article-title":"The intestinal T cell response to \u03b1-gliadin in adult celiac disease is focused on a single deamidated glutamine targeted by tissue transglutaminase","volume":"191","author":"Korner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529509096324","article-title":"In vitro toxicity of gluten peptides in coeliac disease assessed by organ culture","volume":"30","author":"Shidrawi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13803-2","article-title":"Association between innate response to gliadin and activation of pathogenic T cells in coeliac disease","volume":"362","author":"Maiuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.003","article-title":"Mapping of gluten T-cell epitopes in the bread wheat ancestors: implications for celiac disease","volume":"128","author":"Molberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.017","article-title":"Natural variation in toxicity of wheat: potential for selection of nontoxic varieties for celiac disease patients","volume":"129","author":"Drijfhout","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-004-1672-2","article-title":"Genomic organization of the complex \u03b1-gliadin gene loci in wheat","volume":"109","author":"Gu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-1","article-title":"Alpha-gliadin genes from the A, B, and D genomes of wheat contain different sets of celiac disease epitopes","volume":"7","author":"Goryunova","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s001220050532","article-title":"The \u03b1-gliadin gene family. II DNA and protein sequence variation, subfamily structure and origins of pseudogenes","volume":"95","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3881.788","article-title":"Non-Darwinian evolution","volume":"164","author":"King","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi242","article-title":"Selectionism and neutralism in molecular evolution","volume":"22","author":"Nei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000059119.41030.df","article-title":"Innovative approach to low-level gluten determination in foods using a novel sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay protocol","volume":"15","author":"Valdes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.2.190","article-title":"Measurement of gluten using a monoclonal antibody to a celiac toxic peptide of A-gliadin","volume":"43","author":"Ellis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ciclitira, P.J., Dewar, D.H., Suligoj, T., O\u2019Sullivan, C.K., and Ellis, H.J. (, January November). Monoclonal antibodies to the immunodominant gliadin peptide. Proceedings of the 12th International Celiac Symposium, New York, NY, USA. (2009, in press)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Delves, P.J. (1995). Antibody Applications, Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Delves, P.J. (1995). Antibody Applications, Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"13","article-title":"Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue","volume":"12","author":"Doyle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585","article-title":"Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism","volume":"123","author":"Tajima","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187","article-title":"DnaSp v.5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data","volume":"25","author":"Librado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092","article-title":"MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0","volume":"24","author":"Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryson, V., and Vogel, H.J. (1965). Evolving Genes and Proteins, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.147.3653.68"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbour-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","article-title":"Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/1\/2\/276\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:12:02Z","timestamp":1760220722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/1\/2\/276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu1020276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu1020276","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]}}}