{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:27:40Z","timestamp":1783110460871,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease in which pro-apoptotic signals are directed to retinal ganglion cells. During this disease the conventional outflow pathway becomes malfunctioning. Aqueous humour builds up in the anterior chamber, leading to increased intraocular pressure. Both of these events are related to functional impairment. The knowledge of molecular mechanisms allows us to better understand the usefulness of substances that can support anti-glaucoma therapy. The goal of glaucoma therapy is not simply to lower intraocular pressure; it should also be to facilitate the survival of retinal ganglion cells, as these constitute the real target tissue in this disease, in which the visual pathway is progressively compromised. Indeed, an endothelial dysfunction syndrome affecting the endothelial cells of the trabecular meshwork occurs in both normal-tension glaucoma and high-tension glaucoma. Some substances, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, can counteract the damage due to the molecular mechanisms\u2014whether ischemic, oxidative, inflammatory or other\u2014that underlie the pathogenesis of glaucoma. In this review, we consider some molecules, such as polyphenols, that can contribute, not only theoretically, to neuroprotection but which are also able to counteract the metabolic pathways that lead to glaucomatous damage. Ginkgo biloba extract, for instance, improves the blood supply to peripheral districts, including the optic nerve and retina and exerts a neuro-protective action by inhibiting apoptosis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids can protect the endothelium and polyphenols exert an anti-inflammatory action through the down-regulation of cytokines such as TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6. All these substances can aid anti-glaucoma therapy by providing metabolic support for the cells involved in glaucomatous injury. Indeed, it is known that the food we eat is able to change our gene expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1548301952000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Substances of Interest That Support Glaucoma Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sergio Claudio","family":"Sacc\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Head\/Neck Pathologies, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-7362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Head\/Neck Pathologies, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Sukkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. di Dietetica e Nutrizione Clinica, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino, 35122 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio Luigi","family":"Iorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Observatory of Oxidative Stress, Via Paolo Grisignano 21, 84127 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Enrico","family":"Traverso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Genoa, Policlinico San Martino Hospital IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2005.11.001","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in glaucoma","volume":"612","author":"Izzotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat. 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