{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:08:09Z","timestamp":1791083289870,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]],"date-time":"2019-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005880","name":"National Institute of Biological Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIBR201828201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIBR201828201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim, a pear commonly known as \u201cSandolbae\u201d in Korea, is used as a traditional herbal medicine for asthma, cough, and fever in Korea, China, and Japan. P. ussuriensis Maxim leaves (PUL) have therapeutic effects on atopic dermatitis (AD). However, there are no reports on the efficacy of specific components of PUL. In the present study, activity-guided isolation of PUL was used to determine the compounds with potent activity. Astragalin was identified as the major component of the chloroform-soluble fraction of PUL (PULC) using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Astragalin and PULC were tested in vitro and in vivo for their effects against AD. PULC and astragalin dose-dependently inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1\u03b2 in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-\u03b1)\/interferon \u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) induced HaCaT cells. In the AD mice model, PULC and astragalin application significantly reduced dermatitis severity, scratching behavior, and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) when compared to that of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treated NC\/Nga mice. Additionally, they normalized skin barrier function by decreasing immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the serum. Filaggrin and involucrin protein levels were normalized by PULC treatment in HaCaT cells and skin lesions. These results indicate that PULC and astragalin ameliorate AD-like symptoms by alleviating both pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune stimuli in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Therefore, PULC and astragalin might be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T03:40:55Z","timestamp":1548733255000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Chloroform Fraction of Pyrus Ussuriensis Maxim. Leaf Extract on 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in nc\/nga Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"KyoHee","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Yumnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8044-5613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea"},{"name":"Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"497","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms of atopic dermatitis","volume":"48","author":"Pastore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. 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