{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T23:22:54Z","timestamp":1781997774279,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]],"date-time":"2019-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gallia Laboratory","award":["Nutrition intake AND breastmilk content"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nutrition intake AND breastmilk content"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Premature infants require mothers\u2019 milk fortification to meet nutrition needs, but breast milk composition may be variable, leading to the risk of inadequate nutrition. We aimed at determining the factors influencing mothers\u2019 milk macronutrients. (2) Methods: Milk samples were analyzed for the first five weeks after premature delivery by infrared spectroscopy. Mothers\u2019 nutritional intake data were obtained during standardized interviews with dieticians, and then analyzed with reference software. (3) Results: The composition of 367 milk samples from 81 mothers was (median (range) g\/100 mL): carbohydrates 6.8 (4.4\u20137.3), lipids 3.4 (1.3\u20136.4), proteins 1.3 (0.1\u20133.1). There was a relationship between milk composition and mothers\u2019 carbohydrates intake only (r = 0.164; p &lt; 0.01). Postnatal age was correlated with milk proteins (r = \u22120.505; p &lt; 0.001) and carbohydrates (r = +0.202, p &lt; 0.001). Multiple linear regression analyses showed (coefficient) a relationship between milk proteins r = 0.547 and postnatal age (\u22120.028), carbohydrate intake (+0.449), and the absence of maturation (\u22120.066); associations were also found among milk lipids r = 0.295, carbohydrate intake (+1.279), and smoking (\u22120.557). Finally, there was a relationship among the concentration of milk carbohydrates r = 0.266, postnatal age (+0.012), and smoking (\u22120.167). (4) Conclusions: The variability of mothers\u2019 milk composition is differentially associated for each macronutrient with maternal carbohydrate intake, antenatal steroids, smoking, and postnatal age. Improvement in milk composition could be achieved by the modification of these related factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T03:18:20Z","timestamp":1549941500000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Impact of Maternal Nutrition and Perinatal Factors on Breast Milk Composition after Premature Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Hasco\u00ebt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Maternite Regionale, CHRU Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"},{"name":"DevAH, Lorraine University, 54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Chauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic and Nutrition Unit, CHRU Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Pierret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dietetic and Nutrition Unit, CHRU Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Skweres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Maternite Regionale, CHRU Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis-Dominique","family":"Van Egroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Cloud Hospital, 92210 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Roug\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bledina Limonest, 69410 Champagne-au-Mont-d\u2019Or, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Franck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Laboratory, CHRU Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181adaee0","article-title":"Enteral Nutrient Supply for Preterm Infants: Commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition","volume":"50","author":"Agostoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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