{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:07:57Z","timestamp":1793084877714,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2628-B-715-002-MY3, 105-2320-B-182-034-MY3, 105-2811-B-182-029 and 106-2811-B-182-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2628-B-715-002-MY3, 105-2320-B-182-034-MY3, 105-2811-B-182-029 and 106-2811-B-182-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002836","name":"Chang Gung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMRPD1G0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMRPD1G0031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mackay Medical College, Taiwan","award":["1051B29 and 1061B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1051B29 and 1061B25"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004861","name":"Mackay Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMH-MM-10702 and MMH-MM-10611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMH-MM-10702 and MMH-MM-10611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD1D0101-103 and BMRP021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1D0101-103 and BMRP021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Inflammation contributes to cancer development and inflammatory bowel disease is an important risk factor for CRC. The aim of this study is to assess whether a widely used probiotic Enterococcus faecalis can modulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and protect against colitis and colitis-associated CRC. We studied the effect of heat-killed cells of E. faecalis on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in THP-1-derived macrophages. Pretreatment of E. faecalis or NLRP3 siRNA can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages in response to fecal content or commensal microbes, P. mirabilis or E. coli, according to the reduction of caspase-1 activation and IL-1\u03b2 maturation. Mechanistically, E. faecalis attenuates the phagocytosis that is required for the full activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In in vivo mouse experiments, E. faecalis can ameliorate the severity of intestinal inflammation and thereby protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and the formation of CRC in wild type mice. On the other hand, E. faecalis cannot prevent DSS-induced colitis in NLRP3 knockout mice. Our findings indicate that application of the inactivated probiotic, E. faecalis, may be a useful and safe strategy for attenuation of NLRP3-mediated colitis and inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T03:33:00Z","timestamp":1551411180000},"page":"516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Pretreatment with a Heat-Killed Probiotic Modulates the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Attenuates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"I-Che","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Nan","family":"OuYang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Ning","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Chung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pao-Shu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuen-Jou","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai-Keng","family":"Loi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Minutesg University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Ko","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1461-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Ojcius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Sun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lih-Chyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21387","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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