{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:30:10Z","timestamp":1791837010007,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD078346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD078346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of obesity among U.S. youth continues to increase, with many adolescents engaging in unhealthy eating behaviors. Increasingly, research points to the role of self-regulation in obesity development, yet existing work has largely focused on young children and\/or clinical adult populations. This multi-method longitudinal study (N = 153) utilized a path analysis to delineate links between emotion regulation (age 15), emotional eating and dietary restraint (age 16), and adiposity (% body fat) using a BodPod for body composition assessment (age 19). Emotion regulation was negatively associated with emotional eating (\u03b2 = \u22120.30, p &lt; 0.001) and positively associated with dietary restraint (\u03b2 = 0.15, p &lt; 0.05) at age 16, but was not associated with age 19 adiposity (\u03b2 = \u22120.01, p = ns). Emotional eating was positively associated with adiposity (\u03b2 = 0.24, p &lt; 0.01). Indirect effects suggested that emotional eating, but not dietary restraint, at age 16 serves as a mechanism that helps explain the associations between emotion regulation and adiposity four years later. Results from this study suggest that both emotion regulation and emotional eating represent promising targets for that should be included in future interventions aimed at preventing adolescent obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T03:33:00Z","timestamp":1551411180000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Longitudinal Associations between Emotion Regulation and Adiposity in Late Adolescence: Indirect Effects through Eating Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3125-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka H.","family":"Shriver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Dollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meg","family":"Lawless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Calkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Wideman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173459","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3459","article-title":"Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity in US Children, 1999\u20132016","volume":"141","author":"Skinner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000147","article-title":"Cardiac Effects of Obesity: Pathophysiologic, Clinical, and Prognostic Consequences\u2014A Review","volume":"36","author":"Alpert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.154628","article-title":"Childhood Obesity: Causes and Consequences","volume":"4","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, J.O., Wyatt, H.R., and Peters, J.C. (2012). Energy Balance and Obesity. Circulation.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087213"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-017-0869-z","article-title":"Energy Balance and Obesity: What Are the Main Drivers?","volume":"28","author":"Romieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097618","article-title":"Homeostatic and Hedonic Signals Interact in the Regulation of Food Intake","volume":"139","author":"Lutter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Ebrahim, S., and Basu, S. (2012). Manufacturing Epidemics: The Role of Global Producers in Increased Consumption of Unhealthy Commodities Including Processed Foods, Alcohol, and Tobacco. PLoS Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001235"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1999.0585","article-title":"Dissecting Obesogenic Environments: The Development and Application of a Framework for Identifying and Prioritizing Environmental Interventions for Obesity","volume":"59","author":"Swinburn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.09.008","article-title":"Targeting Self-Regulation to Promote Health Behaviors in Children","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.049","article-title":"Preschoolers\u2019 Delay of Gratification Predicts Their Body Mass 30 Years Later","volume":"162","author":"Schlam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.12.003","article-title":"Navigating the Obesogenic Environment: How Psychological Sensitivity to the Food Environment and Self-Regulatory Competence Are Associated with Adolescent Unhealthy Snacking","volume":"17","author":"Stok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Calkins, S.D., and Hill, A. (2007). Caregiver Influences on Emerging Emotion Regulation: Biological and Environmental Transactions in Early Development. Handb. Emot. Regul."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.07.007","article-title":"Observed Self-Regulation Is Associated with Weight in Low-Income Toddlers","volume":"105","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.09.008","article-title":"Emotion Regulation Strategies and Childhood Obesity in High Risk Preschoolers","volume":"107","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.3.343","article-title":"Regulation of Distress and Negative Emotions: A Developmental View","volume":"25","author":"Kopp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannan, M., Mamun, A., Doi, S., and Clavarino, A. (2016). Prospective Associations between Depression and Obesity for Adolescent Males and Females- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157240"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903407948","article-title":"Emotion Regulation in Depression: Relation to Cognitive Inhibition","volume":"24","author":"Joormann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.01.012","article-title":"Relationship between Eating Styles and Temperament in an Anorexia Nervosa, Healthy Control, and Morbid Obesity Female Sample","volume":"76","author":"Cebolla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.02.034","article-title":"Emotional Eating as a Mediator between Depression and Weight Gain","volume":"100","author":"Konttinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DMS V, American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.444","article-title":"Stress-Induced Eating","volume":"115","author":"Greeno","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317697813","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Association between Emotions and Eating Behaviour in Normal and Overweight Adult Populations","volume":"24","author":"Devonport","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.892","article-title":"Loss of Control over Eating in Overweight Youngsters: The Role of Anxiety, Depression and Emotional Eating","volume":"17","author":"Goossens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.01.005","article-title":"Mindfulness Meditation as an Intervention for Binge Eating, Emotional Eating, and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Katterman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.08.010","article-title":"Stress, Emotional Eating Behaviour and Dietary Patterns in Children","volume":"59","author":"Michels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.03.005","article-title":"Dietary Correlates of Emotional Eating in Adolescence","volume":"49","author":"Unger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-017-9577-9","article-title":"Emotional Eating and Weight in Adults: A Review","volume":"37","author":"Frayn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12214","article-title":"Research Review: Two Pathways toward Impulsive Action: An Integrative Risk Model for Bulimic Behavior in Youth","volume":"55","author":"Pearson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.21.2.131","article-title":"Risk Factors for Binge Eating Onset in Adolescent Girls: A 2-Year Prospective Investigation","volume":"21","author":"Stice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20318","article-title":"Evaluating Binge Eating Disorder in Children: Development of the Children\u2019s Binge Eating Disorder Scale (C-BEDS)","volume":"40","author":"Shapiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.07.001","article-title":"Eating Behavior Dimensions. Associations with Energy Intake and Body Weight. A Review","volume":"59","author":"French","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.85.3.338","article-title":"Clinical Depression and Weight Change: A Complex Relation","volume":"85","author":"Polivy","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12134","article-title":"Dietary Restraint: What\u2019s the Harm? A Review of the Relationship between Dietary Restraint, Weight Trajectory and the Development of Eating Pathology","volume":"6","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.01.015","article-title":"Dietary Restraint and Body Mass Change. A 3-Year Follow up Study in a Representative Dutch Sample","volume":"76","author":"Herman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-015-0210-3","article-title":"Contributions of Mindful Eating, Intuitive Eating, and Restraint to BMI, Disordered Eating, and Meal Consumption in College Students","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banna, J.C., Panizza, C.E., Boushey, C.J., Delp, E.J., and Lim, E. (2018). Association between Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating, Emotional Eating and BMI and the Amount of Food Wasted in Early Adolescent Girls. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201808.0086.v1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.04.027","article-title":"Associations between Weight-Related Eating Behaviors and Adiposity in Postmenopausal Japanese American and White Women","volume":"106","author":"Schembre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2007.06.001","article-title":"Weight Gain, Dietary Restraint, and Disordered Eating in the Freshman Year of College","volume":"9","author":"Delinsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.156","article-title":"Dietary Restraint and Self-Regulation in Eating Behavior","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210371383","article-title":"Feeding Your Feelings: Emotion Regulation Strategies and Emotional Eating","volume":"36","author":"Evers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.05.008","article-title":"Eating Pathology, Emotion Regulation, and Emotional Overeating in Obese Adults with Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"14","author":"Gianini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3182a5095f","article-title":"Emotion Regulation Is Related to Children\u2019s Emotional and External Eating","volume":"34","author":"Harrist","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.01.011","article-title":"Emotion Regulation, Emotional Eating and the Energy-Rich Dietary Pattern. A Population-Based Study in Chinese Adolescents","volume":"99","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.04.016","article-title":"The Effects of Emotion Regulation on the Desire to Overeat in Restrained Eaters","volume":"59","author":"Svaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellendick, K., Shanahan, L., Wideman, L., Calkins, S., Keane, S., and Lovelady, C. (2018). Diets Rich in Fruits and Vegetables Are Associated with Lower Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adolescents. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020136"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31826a119f","article-title":"Temperament and Childhood Obesity Risk: A Review of the Literature","volume":"33","author":"Stifter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.020","article-title":"Aetiology of Eating Behaviours: A Possible Mechanism to Understand Obesity Development in Early Childhood","volume":"95","author":"Boswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2013.07.009","article-title":"The Association of Emotion Regulation with Lifestyle Behaviors in Inner-City Adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Isasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940200305X","article-title":"Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Personality Development: A Multilevel Approach to the Study of Childhood Social Withdrawal and Aggression","volume":"14","author":"Calkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wideman, L., Calkins, S.D., Janssen, J.A., Lovelady, C.A., Dollar, J.M., Keane, S.P., Perrin, E.M., and Shanahan, L. (2016). Rationale, Design and Methods for the RIGHT Track Health Study: Pathways from Childhood Self-Regulation to Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescence. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3133-7"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9154-0","article-title":"The Emotion Regulation Index for Children and Adolescents (ERICA): A Psychometric Investigation","volume":"32","author":"MacDermott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.6.906","article-title":"Emotion Regulation among School-Age Children: The Development and Validation of a New Criterion Q-Sort Scale","volume":"33","author":"Shields","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(85)90010-8","article-title":"The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire to Measure Dietary Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger","volume":"29","author":"Stunkard","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801611","article-title":"The Measurement of Dietary Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger: An Examination of the Factor Structure of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ)","volume":"25","author":"Bond","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.5","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Body Mass Index to Identify Obesity as Defined by Body Adiposity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Okorodudu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.3.453","article-title":"Body-Composition Assessment via Air-Displacement Plethysmography in Adults and Children: A Review","volume":"75","author":"Fields","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development","volume":"11","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat. 11"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L., and Muth\u00e9n, B. (2012). Mplus Version 7 User\u2019s Guide, Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2006.10.008","article-title":"Applications of Latent-Variable Models in Educational Psychology: The Need for Methodological-Substantive Synergies","volume":"32","author":"Marsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.4.558","article-title":"Testing Mediational Models with Longitudinal Data: Questions and Tips in the Use of Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"112","author":"Cole","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","article-title":"Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods","volume":"39","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.732","article-title":"Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011\u20132012","volume":"311","author":"Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0886","article-title":"Systematic Review of Community-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Studies","volume":"132","author":"Bleich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.5.667","article-title":"A Meta-Analytic Review of Obesity Prevention Programs for Children and Adolescents: The Skinny on Interventions That Work","volume":"135","author":"Stice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x","article-title":"Restrained and Unrestrained Eating","volume":"43","author":"Herman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2018.1418252","article-title":"An Open Trial Targeting Emotional Eating among Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"26","author":"Boutelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2012.10.015","article-title":"Cognitive and Weight-Related Correlates of Flexible and Rigid Restrained Eating Behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Westenhoefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.006","article-title":"Neurocognitive Bases of Emotion Regulation Development in Adolescence","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12277","article-title":"What Childhood Obesity Prevention Programmes Work? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/3\/517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:35:18Z","timestamp":1760186118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/3\/517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11030517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11030517","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]}}}