{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:01:18Z","timestamp":1781236878965,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI11\/02199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI11\/02199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between consumption of different types of carbohydrates (CHO) during pregnancy and the risk of having a small for gestational age (SGA) newborn. A retrospective matched case\u2013control design was carried out with a total of 518 mother-offspring pairs. A total of 137 validated items were included in the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate crude odds ratios (cORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Having more than 75 g\/day of brown bread showed an inverse association with SGA (aOR = 0.64, CI 0.43\u20130.96). In contrast, an intake of industrial sweets more than once a day (aOR = 2.70, CI 1.42\u20135.13), or even 2\u20136 times a week (aOR = 1.84, CI 1.20\u20132.82), increased the odds of having a SGA newborn. During pregnancy, the higher the increase of wholegrain cereal and bread, the lower the possibility of having a SGA newborn, but the opposite occurred with refined sugar products\u2014just consuming industrial bakery products or pastries twice a week increased the odds of having an SGA infant. Case\u2013control studies cannot verify causality and only show associations, which may reflect residual confusion due to the presence of unknown factors. It is possible that a high consumption of sugary foods is a marker of a generally poor lifestyle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T03:33:00Z","timestamp":1551411180000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Types of Carbohydrates Intake during Pregnancy and Frequency of a Small for Gestational Age Newborn: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Amezcua-Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitales Universitarios de Granada\/Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Galiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de Las Lagunillas s\/n, Building B3 Office 266, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-5486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Cano-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitales Universitarios de Granada\/Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Olmedo-Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitales Universitarios de Granada\/Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Bueno-Cavanillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitales Universitarios de Granada\/Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Delgado-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.040","article-title":"Small for gestational age: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunisation safety data","volume":"35","author":"Schlaudecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3677","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3677","article-title":"Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21(st) standard: Analysis of CHERG datasets","volume":"358","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.036970","article-title":"Maternal nutritional risk factors for small for gestational age babies in a developed country: A case-control study","volume":"89","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. 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