{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:07:32Z","timestamp":1792022852623,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vegetarian and vegan diets have increased worldwide in the last decades, according to the knowledge that they might prevent coronary heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Althought plant-based diets are at risk of nutritional deficiencies such as proteins, iron, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, omega-3, and vitamin B12, the available evidence shows that well planned vegetarian and vegan diets may be considered safe during pregnancy and lactation, but they require a strong awareness for a balanced intake of key nutrients. A review of the scientific literature in this field was performed, focusing specifically on observational studies in humans, in order to investigate protective effects elicited by maternal diets enriched in plant-derived foods and possible unfavorable outcomes related to micronutrients deficiencies and their impact on fetal development. A design of pregestational nutrition intervention is required in order to avoid maternal undernutrition and consequent impaired fetal growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1551955942000},"page":"557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Sebastiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Herranz Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Borr\u00e1s-Novell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Alsina Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Aldecoa-Bilbao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Andreu-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut d\u2019investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Pascual Tutusaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ferrero Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCNatal | Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"G\u00f3mez Roig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BCNatal | Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Garc\u00eda-Algar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Unit, Hospital Clinic-Maternitat, ICGON, BCNatal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0834-5","article-title":"Fetal programming and the risk of noncommunicable disease","volume":"80","author":"Fall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian. 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