{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:43Z","timestamp":1787029183783,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]],"date-time":"2019-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD008149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD008149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8G12MD007600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8G12MD007600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD007584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD007584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the association between amount (below or above recommendations), preparation (liquid vs. powder), and type (regular vs. hydrolysate) of infant formula consumed and weight in infants participating in the Women, Infant and Children (WIC) Program in Hawaii (HI) and Puerto Rico (PR). This was a secondary analysis of 162 caregivers with healthy term 0\u20132-month-old infants. Socio-demographics, infant food frequency questionnaires, and weight and length were assessed at baseline and after four months. Infant feeding practices were associated with weight-for-length z-scores using multivariable logistic regression. In total, 37.7% were exclusively breastfed and 27.2% were exclusively formula-fed. Among formula users, regular (63.6%) and powder (87.0%) formula were the most common; 43.2% consumed formula above recommendations. Most infants had rapid weight gain (61.1%). Infants fed regular formula had higher odds of overweight after four months (adjusted OR = 8.77, 95% CI: 1.81\u201342.6) and higher odds of rapid weight gain (adjusted OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.12, 8.61). Those exclusively formula fed had higher odds of slow weight gain (adjusted OR = 4.07, 95% CI: 1.17\u201314.2). Formula preparation and amount of formula were not associated with weight. These results could inform the WIC program\u2019s nutrition education messages on infant feeding. Studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rafael E.","family":"Graulau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Program, Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0695-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinan","family":"Banna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Agricultural Sciences 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental and Craniofacial Genomics Core, Endocrinology Section School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L. K.","family":"Gibby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Agricultural Sciences 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9437-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health &amp; Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC 5-313, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.732","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011\u20132012","volume":"311","author":"Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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