{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:36:01Z","timestamp":1760240161648,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008354","name":"Callaghan Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106376"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Goat\u2019s (GM) and cow\u2019s milk (CM) are dietary alternatives with select health benefits shown in human and animal studies. Surprisingly, no systematic analysis of palatability or preference for GM vs. CM has been performed to date. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of short-term intake and palatability profiles of GM and CM in laboratory mice and rats. We studied consumption in no-choice and choice scenarios, including meal microstructure, and by using isocaloric milks and milk-enriched solid diets. Feeding results are accompanied by qPCR data of relevant genes in the energy balance-related hypothalamus and brain stem, and in the nucleus accumbens, which regulates eating for palatability. We found that GM and CM are palatable to juvenile, adult, and aged rodents. Given a choice, animals prefer GM- to CM-based diets. Analysis of meal microstructure using licking patterns points to enhanced palatability of and, possibly, greater motivation toward GM over CM. Most profound changes in gene expression after GM vs. CM were associated with the brain systems driving consumption for reward. We conclude that, while both GM and CM are palatable, GM is preferred over CM by laboratory animals, and this preference is driven by central mechanisms controlling eating for pleasure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T03:38:52Z","timestamp":1553830732000},"page":"720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Palatability of Goat\u2019s versus Cow\u2019s Milk: Insights from the Analysis of Eating Behavior and Gene Expression in the Appetite-Relevant Brain Circuit in Laboratory Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anica","family":"Klockars","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Gartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura K.","family":"McColl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen S.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Goat Cooperative (NZ) Ltd., Hamilton 3206, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin G.","family":"Prosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Goat Cooperative (NZ) Ltd., Hamilton 3206, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawel K.","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.6","article-title":"Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs","volume":"79","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-116","article-title":"Major food sources of calories, added sugars, and saturated fat and their contribution to essential nutrient intakes in the U.S. diet: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003\u20132006)","volume":"12","author":"Huth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2011.10719986","article-title":"The contribution of milk and milk products to micronutrient density and affordability of the U.S. diet","volume":"30","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2011.10719985","article-title":"The contribution of dairy products to micronutrient intake in the Netherlands","volume":"30","author":"Vissers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.2.504","article-title":"Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: A prospective study among postmenopausal women","volume":"77","author":"Feskanich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070907","article-title":"High-protein intake enhances the positive impact of physical activity on BMC in prepubertal boys","volume":"23","author":"Chevalley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2003.08.010","article-title":"Goat milk in human nutrition","volume":"51","author":"Haenlein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70198-3","article-title":"Allergenicity of goat\u2019s milk in children with cow\u2019s milk allergy","volume":"103","author":"Paganelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179876","article-title":"Beneficial effect of goat milk on bioavailability of copper, zinc and selenium in rats","volume":"59","author":"Barrionuevo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74120-9","article-title":"Beneficial effect of goat milk on nutritive utilization of iron and copper in malabsorption syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Barrionuevo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0212-5","article-title":"Severe nutritional iron-deficiency anaemia has a negative effect on some bone turnover biomarkers in rats","volume":"51","author":"Campos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-4043","article-title":"Goat milk during iron repletion improves bone turnover impaired by severe iron deficiency","volume":"94","author":"Campos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2009.12.033","article-title":"Recent advances in exploiting goat\u2019s milk: Quality, safety and production aspects","volume":"89","author":"Silanikove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.73","article-title":"Reward systems and food intake: Role of opioids","volume":"33","author":"Gosnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.04.033","article-title":"Opioids as facilitators of feeding: Can any food be rewarding?","volume":"104","author":"Olszewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.01.007","article-title":"Analysis of the network of feeding neuroregulators using the Allen Brain Atlas","volume":"32","author":"Olszewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00155","article-title":"Interplay Between the Gut-Brain Axis, Obesity and Cognitive Function","volume":"12","author":"Campillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.04.004","article-title":"Roles for gut vagal sensory signals in determining energy availability and energy expenditure","volume":"1693","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.10.005","article-title":"Fat-brain connections: Adipocyte glucocorticoid control of stress and metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Herman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.10.011","article-title":"Complexity of neural mechanisms underlying overconsumption of sugar in scheduled feeding: Involvement of opioids, orexin, oxytocin and NPY","volume":"30","author":"Olszewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00211","article-title":"The orexin neuropeptide system: Physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process","volume":"8","author":"Zink","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90401-0","article-title":"The effects of aging on opioid modulation of feeding in rats","volume":"32","author":"Gosnell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328359efd7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the anorexia of aging","volume":"16","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075237","article-title":"Acute and Chronic Effects of Dietary Lactose in Adult Rats Are not Explained by Residual Intestinal Lactase Activity","volume":"7","author":"Kegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06648.x","article-title":"Age matters","volume":"29","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000201","article-title":"Functional relationship between oxytocin and appetite for carbohydrates versus saccharin","volume":"25","author":"Herisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herisson, F.M., Waas, J.R., Fredriksson, R., Schioth, H.B., Levine, A.S., and Olszewski, P.K. (2016). Oxytocin Acting in the Nucleus Accumbens Core Decreases Food Intake. J. Neuroendocrinol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12381"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4736","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0151","article-title":"Molecular, immunohistochemical, and pharmacological evidence of oxytocin\u2019s role as inhibitor of carbohydrate but not fat intake","volume":"151","author":"Olszewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.07.013","article-title":"Opioid mediation of starch and sugar preference in the rat","volume":"96","author":"Bonacchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.834S","article-title":"Sugars: Hedonic aspects, neuroregulation, and energy balance","volume":"78","author":"Levine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martire, S.I., Holmes, N., Westbrook, R.F., and Morris, M.J. (2013). Altered feeding patterns in rats exposed to a palatable cafeteria diet: Increased snacking and its implications for development of obesity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060407"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.02.027","article-title":"Extended exposure to a palatable cafeteria diet alters gene expression in brain regions implicated in reward, and withdrawal from this diet alters gene expression in brain regions associated with stress","volume":"265","author":"Martire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01677.x","article-title":"Energy density, palatability, and satiety: Implications for weight control","volume":"56","author":"Drewnowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.07.009","article-title":"Physiologic and Neural Controls of Eating","volume":"45","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landi, F., Calvani, R., Tosato, M., Martone, A., Ortolani, E., Savera, G., Sisto, A., and Marzetti, E. (2016). Anorexia of Aging: Risk Factors, Consequences, and Potential Treatments. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020069"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9962-1","article-title":"Age-related changes in central effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) suggest a role for this mediator in aging anorexia and cachexia","volume":"39","author":"Tenk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.020","article-title":"Effects of aging on executive functioning and mesocorticolimbic dopamine markers in male Fischer 344 x brown Norway rats","volume":"72","author":"Tomm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inui-Yamamoto, C., Yamamoto, T., Ueda, K., Nakatsuka, M., Kumabe, S., Inui, T., and Iwai, Y. (2017). Taste preference changes throughout different life stages in male rats. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181650"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1159\/000481854","article-title":"Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom of Semantic Dementia","volume":"7","author":"Sakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr192","article-title":"Age-related changes in mouse taste bud morphology, hormone expression, and taste responsivity","volume":"67","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13149","article-title":"Long-lasting deficits in hedonic and nucleus accumbens reactivity to sweet rewards by sugar overconsumption during adolescence","volume":"43","author":"Naneix","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1605","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.5.R1605","article-title":"Naloxone\u2019s effect on meal microstructure of sucrose and cornstarch diets","volume":"281","author":"Glass","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050725","article-title":"Evidence for early opioid modulation of licking responses to sucrose and intralipid: A microstructural analysis in the rat","volume":"139","author":"Higgs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.01.017","article-title":"Dopamine on D2-like receptors \u201creboosts\u201d dopamine D1-like receptor-mediated behavioural activation in rats licking for sucrose","volume":"58","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2011.652969","article-title":"EPS Prize Lecture. Licking and liking: The assessment of hedonic responses in rodents","volume":"65","author":"Dwyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.67","article-title":"Involvement of Endogenous Enkephalins and beta-Endorphin in Feeding and Diet-Induced Obesity","volume":"40","author":"Mendez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.106.1.217","article-title":"Analysis of the microstructure of the rhythmic tongue movements of rats ingesting maltose and sucrose solutions","volume":"106","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3077-x","article-title":"Decreased consumption of sweet fluids in mu opioid receptor knockout mice: A microstructural analysis of licking behavior","volume":"229","author":"Ostlund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000240","article-title":"Parsing the hedonic and motivational influences of nociceptin on feeding using licking microstructure analysis in mice","volume":"27","author":"Mendez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio-Mart\u00edn, E., Garc\u00eda-Escobar, E., Ruiz de Adana, M.S., Lima-Rubio, F., Pel\u00e1ez, L., Caracuel, A.M., Berm\u00fadez-Silva, F.J., Soriguer, F., Rojo-Mart\u00ednez, G., and Olveira, G. (2017). Comparison of the Effects of Goat Dairy and Cow Dairy Based Breakfasts on Satiety, Appetite Hormones, and Metabolic Profile. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080877"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.09.013","article-title":"Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klockars, A., Levine, A.S., and Olszewski, P.K. (2018). Hypothalamic Integration of the Endocrine Signaling Related to Food Intake. Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2018_54"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2004.01.005","article-title":"Our journey with neuropeptide Y: Effects on ingestive behaviors and energy expenditure","volume":"25","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24716-3_4","article-title":"Neuropeptides controlling energy balance: Orexins and neuromedins","volume":"209","author":"Nixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(00)00367-3","article-title":"Paraventricular hypothalamic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and MTII reduce feeding without causing aversive effects","volume":"22","author":"Wirth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2013.05.004","article-title":"Neural melanocortin receptors in obesity and related metabolic disorders","volume":"1842","author":"Girardet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olszewski, P.K., Klockars, A., and Levine, A.S. (2016). Oxytocin: A Conditional Anorexigen whose Effects on Appetite Depend on the Physiological, Behavioural and Social Contexts. J. Neuroendocrinol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12376"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90243-2","article-title":"The stimulation of food intake by selective agonists of mu, kappa and delta opioid receptors","volume":"38","author":"Gosnell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90222-F","article-title":"Naloxone\u2019s anorectic effect is dependent upon the relative palatability of food","volume":"46","author":"Giraudo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20885","article-title":"The role of connexin-36 gap junctions in alcohol intoxication and consumption","volume":"65","author":"Steffensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.004","article-title":"Divergent circuitry underlying food reward and intake effects of ghrelin: Dopaminergic VTA-accumbens projection mediates ghrelin\u2019s effect on food reward but not food intake","volume":"73","author":"Skibicka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R885","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00520.2015","article-title":"GLP-1 and weight loss: Unraveling the diverse neural circuitry","volume":"310","author":"Kanoski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/4\/720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:41:11Z","timestamp":1760186471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/4\/720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11040720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11040720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]]}}}