{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:58:35Z","timestamp":1793505515359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are no studies on the association between food insecurity and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thus, cross-sectional, community-based data on individuals aged \u226550 years from the World Health Organization\u2019s Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) conducted in South Africa (2007\u20132008) were analyzed to assess this association. The definition of MCI was based on the National Institute on Ageing-Alzheimer\u2019s Association criteria. Past 12-month food insecurity was assessed with two questions on frequency of eating less and hunger due to lack of food. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. The sample consisted of 3,672 individuals aged \u226550 years [mean (SD) age 61.4 (18.3); 56% females]. The prevalence of MCI was 8.5%, while 11.0% and 20.8% experienced moderate and severe food insecurity, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, moderate and severe food insecurity were associated with 2.82 (95%CI = 1.65\u20134.84) and 2.51 (95%CI = 1.63\u20133.87) times higher odds for MCI compared with no food insecurity, respectively. The OR for those aged \u226565 years with severe food insecurity was particularly high (OR = 3.87; 95%CI = 2.20\u20136.81). In conclusion, food insecurity was strongly associated with MCI among South African older adults. Future longitudinal research is required to assess whether addressing food insecurity may reduce risk of MCI and subsequent dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T03:21:26Z","timestamp":1554175286000},"page":"749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Food Insecurity Is Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in South Africa: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundaci\u00f3 Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Branch, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Gastroenterology \u201cS. De Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4592-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davy","family":"Vancampfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Stickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"},{"name":"The Stockholm Center for Health and Social Change (SCOHOST), S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn University, 141 89 Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA 90015, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2326-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Il","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, C.P.O. Box 8044, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Severance Children\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5658-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.07.150","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010","volume":"13","author":"Wimo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Dementia Collaborators (2019). 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