{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:36:46Z","timestamp":1789501006388,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["FFABR 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFABR 2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by degeneration of retinal neurons and neoangiogenesis, causing a severe threat to vision. Nowadays, the principal treatment options for DR are laser photocoagulation, vitreoretinal surgery, or intravitreal injection of drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. However, these treatments only act at advanced stages of DR, have short term efficacy, and cause side effects. Treatment with nutraceuticals (foods providing medical or health benefits) at early stages of DR may represent a reasonable alternative to act upstream of the disease, preventing its progression. In particular, in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that a variety of nutraceuticals have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may inhibit the early diabetes-driven molecular mechanisms that induce DR, reducing both the neural and vascular damage typical of DR. Although most studies are limited to animal models and there is the problem of low bioavailability for many nutraceuticals, the use of these compounds may represent a natural alternative method to standard DR treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T03:39:28Z","timestamp":1554262768000},"page":"771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Rossino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Casini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood \u201cNutraceuticals and Food for Health\u201d, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.108","article-title":"Microvascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy: Clues towards understanding pathogenesis?","volume":"23","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5931","article-title":"Multifocal electroretinograms predict onset of diabetic retinopathy in adult patients with diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Harrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. 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