{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:52:20Z","timestamp":1782139940869,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Melbourne Neuroscience Institute Inter-disciplinary Seed Grant."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Melbourne Neuroscience Institute Inter-disciplinary Seed Grant."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical recommendations relating to dietary omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFAs) should consider an individual\u2019s baseline intake. The time, cost, and practicality constraints of current techniques for quantifying omega-3 levels limit the feasibility of applying these methods in some settings, such as eye care practice. This preliminary validation study, involving 40 adults, sought to assess the validity of a novel questionnaire, the Clinical Omega-3 Dietary Survey (CODS), for rapidly assessing long-chain omega-3 intake. Estimated dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3s from CODS correlated with the validated Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiology Studies (DQES), Version 3.2, (Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia) and quantitative assays from dried blood spot (DBS) testing. The \u2018method of triads\u2019 model was used to estimate a validity coefficient (\u03c1) for the relationship between the CODS and an estimated \u201ctrue\u201d intake of long-chain omega-3 EFAs. The CODS had high validity for estimating the \u03c1 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) for total long-chain omega-3 EFAs 0.77 (0.31\u20130.98), docosahexaenoic acid 0.86 (0.54\u20130.99) and docosapentaenoic acid 0.72 (0.14\u20130.97), and it had moderate validity for estimating eicosapentaenoic acid 0.57 (0.21\u20130.93). The total long-chain omega-3 EFAs estimated using the CODS correlated with the Omega-3 index (r = 0.37, p = 0.018) quantified using the DBS biomarker. The CODS is a novel tool that can be administered rapidly and easily, to estimate long-chain omega-3 sufficiency in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1555040797000},"page":"817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Preliminary Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake in Eye Care Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1101-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis Ceecee","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E.","family":"Downie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n7p18","article-title":"The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving DMARDs Therapy: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Rajaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. 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