{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:37:48Z","timestamp":1775072268629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The major risk factors of T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus) development are still under investigation. We evaluate the possible risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in adult subjects during a five-year prospective cohort study. We recruited 1160 subjects who underwent oral glucose tolerance test, anthropometric measurements, and body composition and body fat distribution analysis at a baseline visit and again at follow-up after approximately five years. The conclusions of this study are based on observation of 219 subjects who attended both the first and follow-up visits. The fasting serum insulin was measured, and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) was calculated. During the follow-up period, T2DM was diagnosed in 7.4% of participants, impaired fasting glucose in 37.7%, and impaired glucose tolerance in 9.3%. Logistic regression models, adjusted for age, were constructed. The changes in glucose concentration, visceral fat tissue content, insulin resistance, and %loss of muscle mass were chosen as the potential predictors for T2DM development. A set of independent variables was extracted. The constructed feature set comprised change in HOMA-IR (OR (odds ratio) = 1.01, p &lt; 0.01) and change in %loss of muscle mass (OR = 0.84, p &lt; 0.03). With an aim to validate the prediction capability using the selected attributes, a support vector machine classifier and leave-one-out cross-validation procedure was applied, yielding 92.78% classification accuracy. Our results show the correlation between the %loss of muscle mass and T2DM development in adults, independent of changes in insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1555073704000},"page":"834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Role of Muscle Decline in Type 2 Diabetes Development: A 5-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5721-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Maliszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Adamska-Patruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Goscik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danuta","family":"Lipinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Citko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Krahel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Miniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Fiedorczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Moroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kretowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland; M.C. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70112-8","article-title":"Endocrinolgy: A 21st century challenge","volume":"2","author":"Zimmet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3629-1","article-title":"Future of muscle research in diabetes: A look into the crystal ball","volume":"58","author":"Roden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0435","article-title":"Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with the insulin resistance and prediabetes. 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