{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:10:54Z","timestamp":1771924254181,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Life Sciences Institute North America","award":["NA-MEDUNIVSCAROLINA-20170317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA-MEDUNIVSCAROLINA-20170317"]}]},{"name":"North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI North America)","award":["NA-MEDUNIVSCAROLINA-20170317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA-MEDUNIVSCAROLINA-20170317"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the United States (U.S.), food fortification and\/or enrichment and dietary supplement (DS) use impacts nutrient intakes. Our aim was to examine race\/ethnicity and income (Poverty Income Ratio, PIR) differences in meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes based on estimated dietary intakes among the U.S. population age \u22652 years (n = 16,975). Two 24-hour recalls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2009\u20132012 were used to estimate the intake of 15 nutrients as naturally occurring, enriched\/fortified, and plus DSs. Across racial\/ethnic groups and within PIR categories, significant differences were observed in the %&lt; Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A following enrichment\/fortification (E\/F) and for vitamin B12 and riboflavin following both E\/F and DS use when comparing non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and the other race\/ethnicity group to non-Hispanic whites. The %&lt;EAR for iron and calcium also differed depending on race\/ethnicity within PIR category (p &lt; 0.05). The %&lt;EAR was significantly lower for vitamin D after E\/F for Hispanics, and after E\/F combined with DS use for vitamins C and B6 for Hispanics and the other race\/ethnicity group than non-Hispanic whites. Non-Hispanic blacks were inadequate in all nutrients examined except vitamin C based on the %&lt;EAR than individuals of other races\/ethnicities. Differences in the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of nutrients, especially folate and zinc, also varied by race\/ethnicity and PIR category.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T03:15:46Z","timestamp":1557198946000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Race\/Ethnicity, Enrichment\/Fortification, and Dietary Supplementation in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2009\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5691-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela M.","family":"Malek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill C.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly J.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette P.","family":"Marriott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services and USDA (2015, November 01). 2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 2015; eighth edition, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services and USDA (2015, November 01). 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