{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:21:59Z","timestamp":1773048119066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1025426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1025426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1045602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1045602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008713","name":"Diabetes Australia Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth restriction programs adult bone deficits and increases the risk of obesity, which may be exacerbated during pregnancy. We aimed to determine if high-fat feeding could exacerbate the bone deficits in pregnant growth restricted dams, and whether treadmill exercise would attenuate these deficits. Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced on embryonic day 18 (E18) in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using bilateral uterine vessel ligation (restricted) or sham (control) surgery. The F1 females consumed a standard or high-fat (HFD) diet from 5 weeks, commenced treadmill exercise at 16 weeks, and they were mated at 20 weeks. Femora and plasma from the pregnant dams were collected at post-mortem (E20) for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), mechanical testing, histomorphometry, and plasma analysis. Sedentary restricted females had bone deficits compared to the controls, irrespective of diet, where such deficits were prevented with exercise. Osteocalcin increased in the sedentary restricted females compared to the control females. In the sedentary HFD females, osteocalcin was reduced and CTX-1 was increased, with increased peak force and bending stress compared to the chow females. Exercise that was initiated before and continued during pregnancy prevented bone deficits in the dams born growth restricted, whereas a HFD consumption had minimal bone effects. These findings further highlight the beneficial effects of exercise for individuals at risk of bone deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1559214464000},"page":"1236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Treadmill Exercise before and during Pregnancy Improves Bone Deficits in Pregnant Growth Restricted Rats without the Exacerbated Effects of High Fat Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Anevska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dayana","family":"Mahizir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica F.","family":"Briffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Jefferies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Wark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Bone and Mineral Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian L.","family":"Grills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhys D.","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wlodek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8581-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70649-0","article-title":"Bone structural and metabolic changes at the end of pregnancy and lactation in rats","volume":"178","author":"Tojo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199806)251:2<265::AID-AR16>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Comparison of bone loss during normal lactation with estrogen deficiency osteopenia and immobilization osteopenia in the rat","volume":"251","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572010000300012","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise during pregnancy and protein malnutrition during pregnancy and lactation on the development and growth of the offspring\u2019s femur","volume":"86","author":"Monteiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.12.008","article-title":"Maternal undernutrition during early pregnancy inhibits postnatal growth of the tibia in the female offspring of rats by alteration of chondrogenesis","volume":"260","author":"Kimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15151","article-title":"Puberty onset is delayed following uteroplacental insufficiency and occurs earlier with improved lactation and growth for pups born small","volume":"29","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1071\/RD13388","article-title":"Developmental programming of bone deficits in growth-restricted offspring","volume":"27","author":"Romano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1071\/RD12378","article-title":"Physiological skeletal gains and losses in rat mothers during pregnancy and lactation are not observed following uteroplacental insufficiency","volume":"26","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.020","article-title":"Calcium supplementation does not rescue the programmed adult bone deficits associated with perinatal growth restriction","volume":"47","author":"Romano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.03.661","article-title":"Prenatal growth restriction and postnatal growth restriction followed by accelerated growth independently program reduced bone growth and strength","volume":"45","author":"Romano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2003.04.001","article-title":"Body composition and bone measurements in intra-uterine growth retarded and early postnatally undernourished male and female rats at the age of 6 months: comparison with puberty","volume":"34","author":"Engelbregt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00421-8","article-title":"Origins of fetal growth restriction","volume":"92","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Boil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000267203.55718.aa","article-title":"Prevention of Recurrent Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"110","author":"Berghella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics System. Births: Final data for 2005","volume":"56","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Natl. Vital Stat. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-012-1411-y","article-title":"Maternal adaptations and inheritance in the transgenerational programming of adult disease","volume":"349","author":"Gallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.05.007","article-title":"Growth in early life predicts bone strength in late adulthood: The Hertfordshire Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Oliver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.5.980","article-title":"Fetal programming of body composition: relation between birth weight and body composition measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric methods in older Englishmen","volume":"82","author":"Kensara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0490","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of glucose intolerance and obesity by in utero undernutrition in mice","volume":"58","author":"Isganaitis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.01.018","article-title":"Pregnant growth restricted female rats have bone gains during late gestation which contributes to second generation adolescent and adult offspring having normal bone health","volume":"74","author":"Anevska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1620","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00789.2004","article-title":"Uteroplacental restriction in the rat impairs fetal growth in association with alterations in placental growth factors including PTHrP","volume":"288","author":"Wlodek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R539","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00628.2007","article-title":"Effects of uteroplacental insufficiency and reducing litter size on maternal mammary function and postnatal offspring growth","volume":"294","author":"Kent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-6-30","article-title":"Effects of obesity on bone metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00124-5","article-title":"Obesity, and bone strength and \u201cmass\u201d: A tutorial based on insights from a new paradigm","volume":"21","author":"Frost","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.5.923","article-title":"Obesity in older adults: technical review and position statement of the American Society for Nutrition and NAASO, The Obesity Society","volume":"82","author":"Villareal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.10.131","article-title":"High fat diet promotes achievement of peak bone mass in young rats","volume":"455","author":"Malvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2016.12.001","article-title":"The effects of fat-induced obesity on bone metabolism in rats","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2090","article-title":"Bone and Body Composition of Children and Adolescents With Repeated Forearm Fractures","volume":"20","author":"Goulding","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"294","article-title":"The association between fracture and obesity is site-dependent: A population-based study in postmenopausal women","volume":"27","author":"Premaor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1047","article-title":"Abdominal Fat Is Associated With Lower Bone Formation and Inferior Bone Quality in Healthy Premenopausal Women: A Transiliac Bone Biopsy Study","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.11.023","article-title":"Increased bone resorption and impaired bone microarchitecture in short-term and extended high-fat diet-induced obesity","volume":"60","author":"Patsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1297","article-title":"A high-fat diet induces obesity and impairs bone acquisition in young male mice","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248302","article-title":"A High-Fat Diet Decreases Bone Mass in Growing Mice with Systemic Chronic Inflammation Induced by Low-Dose, Slow-Release Lipopolysaccharide Pellets","volume":"147","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24954","article-title":"A high fat diet increases bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) but does not alter trabecular or cortical bone mass in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"230","author":"Doucette","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"81","article-title":"Muscle and bone hypertrophy. Positive effect of running exercise in the rat","volume":"65","author":"Saville","year":"1969","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163050-00013","article-title":"The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: A study of Wolff\u2019s Law","volume":"63","author":"Woo","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90294-1","article-title":"Effect of treadmill exercise on tibial cortical bone in aged female rats: A histomorphometry and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry study","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(92)90073-M","article-title":"The effects of exercise mode, swimming vs. Running, upon bone growth in the rapidly growing female rat","volume":"66","author":"Snyder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-003-0443-5","article-title":"Effects of treadmill exercise on bone mass, bone metabolism, and calciotropic hormones in young growing rats","volume":"22","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"7746","article-title":"Intensity-dependent effect of treadmill running on differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1221","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00583.2011","article-title":"Exercise early in life in rats born small does not normalize reductions in skeletal muscle pgc-1\u03b1 in adulthood","volume":"302","author":"Laker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275758","article-title":"Maternal exercise in rats upregulates the placental insulin-like growth factor system with diet- and sex-specific responses: Minimal effects in mothers born growth restricted","volume":"596","author":"Mangwiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R161","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00215.2017","article-title":"Maternal stress does not exacerbate long-term bone deficits in female rats born growth restricted, with differential effects on offspring bone health","volume":"314","author":"Anevska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34491","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34491","article-title":"Closed head experimental traumatic brain injury increases size and bone volume of callus in mice with concomitant tibial fracture","volume":"6","author":"Brady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"369","article-title":"Sodium selenate treatment mitigates reduction of bone volume following traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"16","author":"Brady","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"97","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone turnover part 1: Biochemistry and variability","volume":"26","author":"Seibel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1340","article-title":"Voluntary exercise improves high-fat diet-induced leptin resistance independent of adiposity","volume":"152","author":"Demuro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1200143","article-title":"Osteocalcin during the reproductive cycle in normal and diabetic rats","volume":"120","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.08.042","article-title":"Maternal and offspring pools of osteocalcin influence brain development and functions","volume":"155","author":"Oury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2155-z","article-title":"The role of osteocalcin in the endocrine cross-talk between bone remodelling and energy metabolism","volume":"54","author":"Ducy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07500-5","article-title":"Neonatal leptin treatment reverses the bone-suppressive effects of maternal undernutrition in adult rat offspring","volume":"7","author":"Firth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Chen, J.R., Lazarenko, O.P., Wu, X., Tong, Y., Blackburn, M.L., Shankar, K., Badger, T.M., and Ronis, M.J.J. (2010). Obesity reduces bone density associated with activation of ppargamma and suppression of wnt\/beta-catenin in rapidly growing male rats. PLoS ONE, 5."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-052","article-title":"Influence of high-fat diet from differential dietary sources on bone mineral density, bone strength, and bone fatty acid composition in rats","volume":"35","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-2077-8","article-title":"Bone Mass in Obese Diabetic Zucker Rats: Influence of Treadmill Running","volume":"70","author":"Mathey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00189-6","article-title":"Differential effect of treadmill exercise on three cancellous bone sites in the young growing rat","volume":"24","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.266.1.E129","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone administration and treadmill exercise on serum and skeletal igf-i in rats","volume":"266","author":"Yeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10763","article-title":"The contribution of bone to whole-organism physiology","volume":"481","author":"Karsenty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.1.166","article-title":"Effects of tower climbing exercise on bone mass, strength, and turnover in growing rats","volume":"16","author":"Notomi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/6\/1236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1760187290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/6\/1236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11061236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11061236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]}}}