{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:56:32Z","timestamp":1783972592577,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is unclear how the prevalence of people who believe the gluten-free diet (GFD) to be generally healthy (\u201cLifestylers\u201d) is impacting the overall rates of self-reported gluten sensitivity (GS). We repeated a population survey from 2012 in order to examine how attitudes towards GS have changed over time. Our survey (N = 1004) was administered in Sheffield (UK) in 2015, replicating the 2012 experiment. The questionnaire included a food frequency survey and assessed self-reported GS as well as associated variables (prevalence, current diet, pre-existing conditions, etc.). The overall rates of key variables and chi-squared analysis in comparison to the previous survey were as follows: self-reported GS was 32.8% (previously 12.9%, p &lt; 0.001), pre-existing coeliac disease (CD) was 1.2% (previously 0.8%, p = 0.370), following a GFD was 3.7% (previously 3.7%, p = 0.997). Self-reported GS was positively associated with some pre-existing conditions, including anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, headaches, and other food allergies\/intolerances (including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); chi-squared analyses, all p &lt; 0.001). Over a 3-year period, the fraction of people who self-reported GS increased by over 250%. Despite this, arguably more meaningful indications of underlying physiological GS remained comparable. This research suggests that the public perception of gluten is causing a marked increase in the number of people who erroneously believe they are sensitive to it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["A Population Survey of Dietary Attitudes towards Gluten"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Iain D","family":"Croall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Radiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-2003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anupam","family":"Rej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey A","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Y","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren J S","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica I","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rigby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Hadjivassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Hoggard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Radiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i42.6036","article-title":"Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Gujral","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. 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