{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:44:51Z","timestamp":1792482291863,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEM2015-63631-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEM2015-63631-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several pathologies in the perinatal period and adulthood. Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding some bioactive factors present in breastmilk, namely antioxidants, growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, paying specific attention to prematurity. The revised literature reveals that the highest levels of these bioactive factors are found in the colostrum and they decrease along the lactation period; bioactive factors are found in higher levels in preterm as compared to full-term milk, they are lacking in formula milk, and decreased in donated milk. However, there are still some gaps and inconclusive data, and further research in this field is needed. Given the fact that many preterm mothers are unable to complete breastfeeding, new information could be important to develop infant supplements that best match preterm human milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1560166787000},"page":"1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["A Review of Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk: A Focus on Prematurity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gila-Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia M.","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Algara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Cabrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Luis","family":"L\u00f3pez de Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4793-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"S\u00e1enz de Pipa\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatology Service, La Paz Hospital-Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute, Maternal and Child Health and Development Research Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7442-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ramiro-Cortijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00094","article-title":"Effect of Breast and Formula Feeding on Gut Microbiota Shaping in Newborns","volume":"2","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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