{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:28:25Z","timestamp":1781332105773,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54HG009824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54HG009824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1017641; OPP1017579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1017641; OPP1017579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01AI110466-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01AI110466-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human breast milk (HBM) bacteriome is an important, continuous source of microbes to the neonate in early life, playing an important role in shaping the infant\u2019s intestinal bacteriome. Study of the composition of the HBM bacteriome is an emerging area of research, with little information available, particularly from low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of bacterial communities in HBM samples collected between 6\u201310 weeks postpartum from lactating South African women and to study potential influencing factors of the bacteriome. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of samples from 554 women, we demonstrated that the HBM bacteriome was largely dominated by the phyla Firmicutes (mean relative abundance: 71.1%) and Actinobacteria (mean relative abundance: 16.4%). The most abundant genera identified from the HBM bacteriome were Streptococcus (mean relative abundance: 48.6%), Staphylococcus (mean relative abundance: 17.8%), Rothia (mean relative abundance: 5.8%), and Corynebacterium (mean relative abundance: 4.3%). \u201cCore\u201d bacterial genera including Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Rothia, Veillonella, Gemella, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus and a genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were present in 80% of samples. HBM samples were classified, according to their bacteriome, into three major clusters, dominated by the genera Staphylococcus (cluster 1), a combination of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (cluster 2), and Streptococcus (cluster 3). The cluster groups differed significantly for Shannon and chao1 richness indices. Bacterial interactions were studied using co-occurrence networks with positive associations observed between the abundances of Staphylococcus and Corynebacteria (members of the skin microflora) and between Streptococcus, Rothia, Veillonella, and Gemella (members of the oral microflora). HBM from older mothers had a higher Shannon diversity index. The study site was associated with differences in HBM bacteriome composition (permutational multivariate analysis of variance using distance matrices (PERMANOVA), p &lt; 0.05). No other tested socio-demographic or psychosocial factors were associated with HBM bacterial composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T11:54:31Z","timestamp":1561118071000},"page":"1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Influence of Socio-Economic and Psychosocial Profiles on the Human Breast Milk Bacteriome of South African Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ojo-Okunola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantelle","family":"Claassen-Weitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilaza S.","family":"Mwaikono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Group and H3ABioNet, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam 11000, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sugnet","family":"Gardner-Lubbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SA MRC Unit on Risk &amp; Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry &amp; Neuroscience Institute, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Unit on Child &amp; Adolescent Health, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity, The University of Western Australia, M504, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elloise","family":"du Toit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.0378","article-title":"Association between breast milk bacterial communities and establishment and development of the infant gut microbiome","volume":"171","author":"Pannaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334415585078","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of milk of healthy and mastitis-suffering women","volume":"31","author":"Jimenez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05346-11","article-title":"Transmission of intestinal bifidobacterium longum subsp. Longum strains from mother to infant determined by multilocus sequencing typing and amplified fragment length polymorphism","volume":"77","author":"Makino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02063-08","article-title":"Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time pcr","volume":"75","author":"Heilig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01619","article-title":"Distinct patterns in human milk microbiota and fatty acid profiles across specific geographic locations","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174415001397","article-title":"Impact of mode of delivery on the milk microbiota composition of healthy women","volume":"7","author":"Mira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, K.M., Foster, J.A., Forney, L.J., Schutte, U.M., Beck, D.L., Abdo, Z., Fox, L.K., Williams, J.E., McGuire, M.K., and McGuire, M.A. (2011). Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021313"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0145-y","article-title":"Human milk microbiota profiles in relation to birthing method, gestation and infant gender","volume":"4","author":"Urbaniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40597","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40597","article-title":"The composition of human milk and infant faecal microbiota over the first three months of life: A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo-Okunola, A., Nicol, M., and du Toit, E. (2018). Human breast milk bacteriome in health and disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111643"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.037382","article-title":"The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery","volume":"96","author":"Collado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-014-0692-1","article-title":"Human milk composition differs in healthy mothers and mothers with celiac disease","volume":"54","author":"Olivares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248864","article-title":"Human milk microbial community structure is relatively stable and related to variations in macronutrient and micronutrient intakes in healthy lactating women","volume":"147","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Mandomando, I., Fumad\u00f3, V., Sacoor, C., Macete, E., Alonso, P.L., and Menendez, C. (2013). Breast milk and gut microbiota in african mothers and infants from an area of high hiv prevalence. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080299"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206242","article-title":"Investigating the early-life determinants of illness in africa: The drakenstein child health study","volume":"70","author":"Zar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029998003057","article-title":"Effect of interactions between denatured whey proteins and casein micelles on the formation and rheological properties of acid skim milk gels","volume":"65","author":"Lucey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogaert, D., Keijser, B., Huse, S., Rossen, J., Veenhoven, R., van Gils, E., Bruin, J., Montijn, R., Bonten, M., and Sanders, E. (2011). Variability and diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiota in children: A metagenomic analysis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017035"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","article-title":"Global patterns of 16s rrna diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","volume":"108","author":"Caporaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22244-6","article-title":"Hiv-exposure, early life feeding practices and delivery mode impacts on faecal bacterial profiles in a south african birth cohort","volume":"8","author":"Nicol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Wen, C., Qin, Y., Yin, H., Tu, Q., Van Nostrand, J.D., Yuan, T., Yuan, M., Deng, Y., and Zhou, J. (2015). Phasing amplicon sequencing on illumina miseq for robust environmental microbial community analysis. BMC Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0450-4"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Illumina, P. (2014). Miseq\u00ae System User Guide, Illumina."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Andrews, S. (2018, October 30). Fastqc: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Available online: Http:\/\/www.Bioinformatics.Babraham.Ac.Uk\/projects\/fastqc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","article-title":"Multiqc: Summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report","volume":"32","author":"Ewels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"Uparse: Highly accurate otu sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than blast","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rrna sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"Qiime allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The silva ribosomal rna gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"265","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population","volume":"11","author":"Chao","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3820","article-title":"Nextflow enables reproducible computational workflows","volume":"35","author":"Chatzou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"The R Development Core Team (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.Org\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R., O\u2019hara, R., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M.H.H., and Wagner, H. (2013). Package \u2018vegan\u2019. Community Ecology Package, Version."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. (2018). An R Companion to Applied Regression, Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.carData"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hartigan, J.A. (1975). Clustering Algorithms, John Willey and Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Murtagh, F. (1985). Multidimensional Clustering Algorithms, Compstat Lectures; Physika Verlag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2307\/1942268","article-title":"An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern wisconsin","volume":"27","author":"Bray","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O\u2019Hara, R., Simpson, G., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., and Wagner, H. (2017). Vegan: Community Ecology Package, R Package Version 2.4-4."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R106","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-10-r106","article-title":"Differential expression analysis for sequence count data","volume":"11","author":"Anders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927408827101","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis","volume":"3","author":"Harabasz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Theory Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Greenacre, M.J. (2010). Biplots in Practice, Fundacion BBVA."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gower, J.C., Lubbe, S.G., and Le Roux, N.J. (2011). Understanding Biplots, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470973196"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-11-916","article-title":"The box plot: A simple visual method to interpret data","volume":"110","author":"Williamson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v024.i02","article-title":"Network: A package for managing relational data in r","volume":"24","author":"Butts","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"32","article-title":"A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/131.2.479","article-title":"Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: Application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data","volume":"131","author":"Excoffier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlowsky-Glahn, V., Egozcue, J.J., and Tolosana-Delgado, R. (2015). Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119003144"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007529726302","article-title":"Logratio analysis and compositional distance","volume":"32","author":"Aitchison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Math. Geol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Templ, M., Hron, K., and Filzmoser, P. (2011). Robcompositions: An R-Package for Robust Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119976462.ch25"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodol.)"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00088-9","article-title":"The use of the beck depression inventory to screen for depression in the general population: A preliminary analysis","volume":"57","author":"Lasa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"490","article-title":"Beck depression inventory-ii","volume":"78","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"San Antonio"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Beusenberg, M., Orley, J.H., and World Health Organization (1994). A User\u2019s Guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (srq), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czg041","article-title":"Measuring mental health in a cost-effective manner","volume":"18","author":"Harpham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"459","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"6","author":"Foa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.03.016","article-title":"Investigating the psychosocial determinants of child health in africa: The drakenstein child health study","volume":"252","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14015","article-title":"Maternal and infant factors had a significant impact on birthweight and longitudinal growth in a south african birth cohort","volume":"106","author":"Budree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Draper, N.R., and Smith, H. (2014). Applied Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2832","article-title":"Microbial interactions: From networks to models","volume":"10","author":"Faust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2008.09.001","article-title":"Assessment of the bacterial diversity of human colostrum and screening of staphylococcal and enterococcal populations for potential virulence factors","volume":"159","author":"Delgado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, T.L., Hosid, S., Ioshikhes, I., and Altosaar, I. (2013). Human milk metagenome: A functional capacity analysis. BMC Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-116"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00965","article-title":"Bacterial composition and diversity in breast milk samples from mothers living in taiwan and mainland china","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00004","article-title":"Breast milk microbiota is shaped by mode of delivery and intrapartum antibiotic exposure","volume":"6","author":"Hermansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0160-1","article-title":"Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in a population with varied ethnic origins but shared geography","volume":"24","author":"Deschasaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakwinska, O., Moine, D., Delley, M., Combremont, S., Rezzonico, E., Descombes, P., Vinyes-Pares, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., and Thakkar, S.K. (2016). Microbiota in breast milk of chinese lactating mothers. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160856"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.03.004","article-title":"Profiles of commensal and opportunistic bacteria in human milk from healthy donors in Taiwan","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616670150","article-title":"Systematic review of the human milk microbiota","volume":"32","author":"Fitzstevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2009.02567.x","article-title":"Assessment of the bacterial diversity of breast milk of healthy women by quantitative real-time pcr","volume":"48","author":"Collado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.47","article-title":"Impact of lactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota","volume":"34","author":"Collado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"31","article-title":"The microbiota of human milk in healthy women","volume":"59","author":"Langa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01850.x","article-title":"Probiotic properties of human lactobacilli strains to be used in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"94","author":"Fernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1309.09029","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in infants during the first six months of life","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8275","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08275","article-title":"Network analysis suggests a potentially \u2018evil\u2019 alliance of opportunistic pathogens inhibited by a cooperative network in human milk bacterial communities","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334417692968","article-title":"Microbial diversity in milk of women with mastitis: Potential role of coagulase-negative staphylococci, viridans group streptococci, and corynebacteria","volume":"33","author":"Mediano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01470","article-title":"Personalization of the microbiota of donor human milk with mother\u2019s own milk","volume":"8","author":"Cacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"965","article-title":"Human breast milk microbiota is influenced by maternal age and bmi, stage of lactation and infant feeding practices","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12378","article-title":"Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression","volume":"26","author":"Naseribafrouei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendtsen, K.M.B., Krych, L., S\u00f8rensen, D.B., Pang, W., Nielsen, D.S., Josefsen, K., Hansen, L.H., S\u00f8rensen, S.J., and Hansen, A.K. (2012). Gut microbiota composition is correlated to grid floor induced stress and behavior in the balb\/c mouse. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046231"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.01.002","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota diversity and auxiliary diagnosis as a biomarker in patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"197","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0164-x","article-title":"Regional variation limits applications of healthy gut microbiome reference ranges and disease models","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0210-8","article-title":"The influence of ethnicity and geography on human gut microbiome composition","volume":"24","author":"Gaulke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/6\/1390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:00:07Z","timestamp":1760187607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/6\/1390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11061390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11061390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]]}}}