{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:26:37Z","timestamp":1790403997206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helse Fonna","award":["40415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40415"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["912234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["912234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Faecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) appears to be an effective method for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. However, it is not clear if a high transplant dose and\/or repeating FMT are\/is needed to ensure a response. The present study was undertaken to clarify this matter. Methods: Ten IBS patients who did not respond to a 30-g transplant subsequently received a 60-g transplant into the duodenum via a gastroscope. The patients provided faecal samples before and 1 month after FMT. They completed five questionnaires measuring symptoms, fatigue and quality of life at baseline and then at 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months after FMT. The dysbiosis index (DI) was measured using the GA-map Dysbiosis Test\u00ae. Results: Seven patients (70%) responded to the 60-g transplant, with significant clinical improvements in the abdominal symptoms, fatigue and quality of life in 57%, 80% and 67% of these patients. The 60-g transplant also reduced the DI. Conclusion: FMT is an effective treatment for IBS. A high-dose transplant and\/or repeated FMT increase the response rate and the intensity of the effects of FMT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T02:37:40Z","timestamp":1561343860000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Increasing the Dose and\/or Repeating Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) Increases the Response in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Magdy","family":"El-Salhy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, Box 4000, 54 09 Stord, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-8396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trygve","family":"Hausken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Gunnar","family":"Hatlebakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7621","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i25.7621","article-title":"Recent developments in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Canavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i37.5151","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome: Diagnosis and pathogenesis","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.005","article-title":"The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects","volume":"133","author":"Kassinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40312.x","article-title":"Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR","volume":"100","author":"Malinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amer. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.08.009","article-title":"Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome--a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects","volume":"43","author":"Matto","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"185","article-title":"The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Balsari","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiologica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i12.1802","article-title":"Intestinal microecology and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"10","author":"Si","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2887","article-title":"Lower Bifidobacteria counts in both duodenal mucosa-associated and fecal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"15","author":"Kerckhoffs","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0934-x","article-title":"A molecular analysis of fecal and mucosal bacterial communities in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Codling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.043","article-title":"Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Biagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01803.x","article-title":"Distinct microbial populations exist in the mucosa-associated microbiota of sub-groups of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Parkes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01869.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: Their role in its pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"103","author":"Parkes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.427","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and diet in IBS: causes, consequences, or epiphenomena?","volume":"110","author":"Jonkers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.200","article-title":"Crosstalk at the mucosal border: importance of the gut microenvironment in IBS","volume":"12","author":"Ohman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000470","article-title":"Understanding the Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory and Functional Gastrointestinal Diseases","volume":"79","author":"Sundin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13055","article-title":"Altered faecal and mucosal microbial composition in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome patients correlates with mucosal lymphocyte phenotypes and psychological distress","volume":"41","author":"Sundin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000326","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"33","author":"Malikowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12479","article-title":"Is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) an effective treatment for patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID)?","volume":"27","author":"Pinn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzawi, T., Lied, G.A., Sangnes, D.A., El-Salhy, M., Hov, J.R., Gilja, O.H., Hatlebakk, J.G., and Hausken, T. (2018). The kinetics of gut microbial community composition in patients with irritable bowel syndrome following fecal microbiota transplantation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194904"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.295","article-title":"Is fecal microbiota transplantation the answer for irritable bowel syndrome? A single-center experience","volume":"109","author":"Pinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30338-2","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation versus placebo for moderate-to-severe irritable bowel syndrome: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-centre trial","volume":"3","author":"Johnsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316434","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation alters gut microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: Results from a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"67","author":"Halkjaer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00002","article-title":"The Super-Donor Phenomenon in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Salhy, M., Hatlebakk, J.G., Gilja, O.H., Kristoffersen, A.B., and Hausken, T. (2019). Effects of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology, submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319630"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1447380","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for managing irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Mazzawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatoly."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","article-title":"The irritable bowel severity scoring system: A simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress","volume":"11","author":"Francis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roalfe, A.K., Roberts, L.M., and Wilson, S. (2008). Evaluation of the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire. BMC Gastroenterol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-8-30"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000496","article-title":"The Fatigue Assessment Scale: quality and availability in sarcoidosis and other diseases","volume":"24","author":"Hendriks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01941.x","article-title":"Further validation of the IBS-QOL: A disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire","volume":"95","author":"Drossman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.10.19","article-title":"Quality of life measures in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000026318.81635.3b","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with subjective food hypersensitivity: Applicability of the 10-item short form of the Nepean Dyspepsia Index","volume":"49","author":"Arslan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig. Dis Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00002512","article-title":"Sarcoidosis-associated fatigue","volume":"40","author":"Drent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Resp. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13236","article-title":"Deviations in human gut microbiota: A novel diagnostic test for determining dysbiosis in patients with IBS or IBD","volume":"42","author":"Casen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000488773","article-title":"Dysbiosis in Functional Bowel Disorders","volume":"72","author":"Enck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, C.Y.L., Bloomfield, F.H., and O\u2019Sullivan, J.M. (2018). Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Microbiome Development in Neonates. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030274"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Diet and effects of diet management on quality of life and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Ostgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25979","article-title":"Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria","volume":"555","author":"Maier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18098","article-title":"Frozen vs Fresh Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Clinical Resolution of Diarrhea in Patients With Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"315","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/6\/1415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:00:45Z","timestamp":1760187645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/6\/1415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11061415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11061415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]]}}}