{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:33:00Z","timestamp":1776346380210,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]],"date-time":"2019-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raw cow\u2019s milk was previously shown to suppress allergic symptoms in a murine model for food allergy. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of fat content and heat-sensitive milk components to this allergy-protective effect. In addition, we determined the potency of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a heat-sensitive raw milk component, to affect the allergic response. C3H\/HeOuJ mice were treated with raw milk, pasteurized milk, skimmed raw milk, pasteurized milk spiked with ALP, or phosphate-buffered saline for eight days prior to sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). Effects of these milk types on the allergic response were subsequently assessed. Similar to raw milk, skimmed raw milk suppressed food allergic symptoms, demonstrated by a reduced acute allergic skin response and low levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2-related cytokines. This protective effect was accompanied by an induction of CD103+CD11b+ dendritic cells and TGF-\u03b2-producing regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Pasteurized milk was not protective but adding ALP restored the allergy-protective effect. Not the fat content, but the heat-sensitive components are responsible for the allergy-protective effects of raw cow\u2019s milk. Adding ALP to heat-treated milk might be an interesting alternative to raw cow\u2019s milk consumption, as spiking pasteurized milk with ALP restored the protective effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T03:23:59Z","timestamp":1561951439000},"page":"1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Suppression of Food Allergic Symptoms by Raw Cow\u2019s Milk in Mice is Retained after Skimming but Abolished after Heating the Milk\u2014A Promising Contribution of Alkaline Phosphatase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6530-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Abbring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph Thomas","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara A.P.","family":"Diks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Hols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Garssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betty C.A.M.","family":"van Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-011-0200-0","article-title":"Dietary immunomodulatory factors in the development of immune tolerance","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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