{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:34:34Z","timestamp":1791920074634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"-","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, the writing of the manuscript or the decision to publish the results."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known on skipping breakfast and a meal at school, especially considered together. The study identified nutrition knowledge-related, lifestyle (including diet quality, physical activity, and screen time) and socioeconomic correlates of skipping breakfast and a meal at school, considered together or alone and assessed the association of skipping these meals with adiposity markers in Polish teenagers. The sample consisted of 1566 fourth and fifth grade elementary school students (11\u201313 years). The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data related to the consumption of selected food items and meals, physical activity, screen time, sociodemographic factors, and nutrition knowledge (all self-reported) were collected (in 2015\u20132016) with a short form of a food frequency questionnaire. Respondents reported the usual consumption of breakfast (number of days\/week) and a meal or any food eaten at school (number of school days\/week) labelled as \u2018a meal at school\u2019. The measurements of body weight, height, and waist circumference were taken. BMI-for-age \u226525 kg\/m2 was considered as a marker of overweight\/obesity (general adiposity), while waist-to-height ratio \u22650.5 as a marker of central obesity (central adiposity). A multivariate logistic regression was applied to verify the association between variables. A total of 17.4% of teenagers frequently skipped breakfast (4\u20137 days\/week), 12.9% frequently skipped a meal at school (3\u20135 school days\/week), while 43.6% skipped both of these meals a few times a week. Predictors of skipping breakfast and\/or a meal at school were female gender, age over 12 years, urban residence, lower family affluence, lower nutrition knowledge, higher screen time, and lower physical activity. In comparison to \u201cnever-skippers,\u201d \u201cfrequent breakfast skippers\u201d were more likely to be overweight\/obese (odds ratio, OR 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI 1.38, 2.58) and centrally obese (OR 1.63; 95%CI 1.09, 2.44), while skippers a few times a week of both of these meals were more likely to be overweight\/obese (OR 1.37; 95%CI 1.06, 1.78). Concluding, we estimated that a large percentage of Polish teenagers (approx. 44%) usually skipped both breakfast and a meal at school a few times a week. Similar predictors of skipping breakfast and predictors of skipping a meal at school were identified. Special attention should be paid to promoting shortening screen time and increasing physical activity and teenagers\u2019 nutrition knowledge which are relatively easily modifiable correlates. The study shows that skipping both of these meals a few times a week was associated with general adiposity and also strengthens previous evidence showing the association of frequent skipping breakfast with general and central adiposity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1562844508000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Skipping Breakfast and a Meal at School: Its Correlates in Adiposity Context. Report from the ABC of Healthy Eating Study of Polish Teenagers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Wadolowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Hamulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kowalkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Ulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Gornicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Jeruszka-Bielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Kostecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Science\u2014SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-012-0270-1","article-title":"Breakfast habits among adolescents and their association with daily energy and fish, vegetable and fruit intake: A community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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