{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:24:44Z","timestamp":1790738684764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum J20 (FMJ20) or J28 (FMJ28) on ameliorating indomethacin-induced inflammation. Twenty-eight male C57Bl\/6 mice were divided into four experimental groups: indomethacin, indomethacin + FMJ20, indomethacin + FMJ28, and untreated (control). Groups were fed fermented milk for 15 days, followed by administration of indomethacin supplied in three sub-doses over experimental period. Body weight, and food consumption were recorded. Additionally, spleen, kidney, and liver were weighed, and the small intestine length was measured. The cytokines in serum (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23 and TNF\u03b1) and in intestinal mucosa (IL-17 and IFN\u03b3) were also determined. Compared to the control, all indomethacin-supplemented groups lost weight (~2.7 g; p &lt; 0.05), but no changes were found in the organ-specific morphometry analysis. FMJ28 showed better results in attenuating serum and intestinal IL-17 levels. Furthermore, showed less epithelial cell loss and inflammatory infiltrates than the other indomethacin-treated groups. These results suggest that FMJ28 may be effective in reducing intestinal and systemic acute inflammation, specifically in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T02:23:16Z","timestamp":1563243796000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Inflammation: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Santiago-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda de Productos L\u00e1cteos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A. C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazar\u00e1n Rosas, No. 46 Col. La Victoria, CP, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda de Productos L\u00e1cteos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A. C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazar\u00e1n Rosas, No. 46 Col. La Victoria, CP, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Vallejo-Cordoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda de Productos L\u00e1cteos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A. C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazar\u00e1n Rosas, No. 46 Col. La Victoria, CP, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Mata-Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda e Inmunolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A. C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazar\u00e1n Rosas, No. 46 Col. La Victoria, CP, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6196-3607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Wall-Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo s\/n, Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez CP, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aar\u00f3n F.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-C\u00f3rdova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica y Biotecnolog\u00eda de Productos L\u00e1cteos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Alimentaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo A. C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazar\u00e1n Rosas, No. 46 Col. La Victoria, CP, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.10-79","article-title":"The pathophysiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced mucosal injuries in stomach and small intestine","volume":"48","author":"Matsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967014","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding using combined capsule endoscopy and double balloon endoscopy: 1-year follow-up study","volume":"39","author":"Fujimori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.112181","article-title":"Total enteroscopy with a nonsurgical steerable double-balloon method","volume":"53","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.04.031","article-title":"Long-term effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 selective agents on the small bowel: A cross-sectional capsule enteroscopy study","volume":"5","author":"Maiden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90553.2008","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota prevents indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury: Involvement of lactic acid","volume":"297","author":"Watanabe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"353","article-title":"Role of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury in mice","volume":"27","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.566","article-title":"IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"177","author":"Komiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03034.x","article-title":"Enhanced intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sulfate sodium in tumor necrosis factor-alpha deficient mice","volume":"18","author":"Naito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-009-0259-2","article-title":"TNF-alpha modulates iNOS expression in an experimental rat model of indomethacin-induced jejunoileitis","volume":"336","author":"Nandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.09.019","article-title":"Involvement of IL-17A in the pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"377","author":"Ito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06496.x","article-title":"Reduced small-intestinal injury induced by indomethacin in interleukin-17A-deficient mice","volume":"26","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21262","article-title":"Bifidobacterium lactis inhibits NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells and prevents acute colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer in mice","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.-H., Hsu, W.-F., Chang, J.-S., and Shih, C.-K. (2019). Combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animals subsp lactis shows a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than individual strains in HT-29 cells. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050969"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9443-3","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG exacerbates intestinal ulceration in a model of indomethacin-induced enteropathy","volume":"52","author":"Kamil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00898.x","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus ingestion on the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier alterations induced by indomethacin in humans","volume":"15","author":"Gotteland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04324.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: The effects of a probiotic mixture on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy: A randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study","volume":"32","author":"Montalto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.12.014","article-title":"Protective effect of an immune-modulating diet comprising whey peptides and fermented milk products on indomethacin-induced small-bowel disorders in rats","volume":"33","author":"Kume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"911","article-title":"Immune response induced by fermented milk with potential probiotic strains isolated from artisanal Cocido cheese","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6651","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8515","article-title":"Screening of Lactobacillus strains for their ability to produce conjugated linoleic acid in milk and to adhere to the intestinal tract","volume":"98","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-D\u00edaz, A., Mata-Haro, V., Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-C\u00f3rdova, A.F., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mendoza, A., Reyes-D\u00edaz, R., Torres-Llanez, M.J., Beltr\u00e1n-Barrientos, L.M., and Vallejo-Cordoba, B. (2018). Milk fermented by specific Lactobacillus strains regulates the serum levels of IL-6, TNF\u03b1, and IL-10 cytokines in a LPS-stimulated murine model. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060691"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago-L\u00f3pez, L., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mendoza, A., Mata-Haro, V., Vallejo-C\u00f3rdoba, B., Wall-Medrano, A., Astizar\u00e1n-Garcia, H., Estrada-Montoya, MC., and Gonz\u00e1lez-C\u00f3rdova, A.F. (2018). Effect of milk fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum on the inflammatory response in mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081039"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"AOAC (2006). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latimer, G.W. (2019). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. [21st ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/9780197610138.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05723.x","article-title":"Probiotic administration alters the gut flora and attenuates colitis in mice administered dextran sodium sulfate","volume":"23","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.12.002","article-title":"IL-23 in inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer","volume":"45","author":"Neurath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838543","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of IL-23 and IL-12 following co-activation of dectin-1 and TLR signaling pathways","volume":"39","author":"Dennehy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501541","article-title":"mTOR mediates IL-23 induction of neutrophil IL-17 and IL-22 production","volume":"196","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000118","article-title":"Cytokines and mucosal immunity","volume":"30","author":"Bamias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i41.5848","article-title":"Changes of the cytokine profile in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"18","author":"Tulassay","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107","article-title":"Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"107","author":"Round","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, S.G., Kayama, H., Ueda, Y., Takahashi, T., Asahara, T., Tsuji, H., Tsuji, N.M., Kiyono, H., Ma, J.S., and Kusu, T. (2012). Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve induces IL-10-producing Tr1 cells in the colon. PLoS Phatog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002714"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"149","article-title":"Inhibition of bach1 ameliorates indomethacin-induced intestinal injury in mice","volume":"60","author":"Harusato","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207449","article-title":"Prostaglandins and Inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Ricciotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(77)90178-2","article-title":"Resistance of germ-free rats to indomethacin-induced intestinal inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Robert","year":"1977","journal-title":"Prostaglandins."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.125963","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal damage is toll-like receptor 4 dependent","volume":"57","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2293-3","article-title":"Involvement of reactive oxygen species in indomethacin-induced apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Omatsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corridoni, D., Pastorelli, L., Mattioli, B., Lcovei, S., Ishikawa, D., Arseneau, K.O., Chieppa, M., Cominelli, F., and Pizarro, T.T. (2012). Probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial permeability in experimental ileitis by a TNF-dependent mechanism. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042067"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02790.x","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus-induced improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria mononuclear cells","volume":"140","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"53","article-title":"The use of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Bjarnason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/7\/1610\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:06:01Z","timestamp":1760187961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/7\/1610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11071610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11071610","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]}}}