{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:48:38Z","timestamp":1782258518644,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007608","name":"AgResearch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A24632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A24632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007608","name":"AgResearch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A21246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A21246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HVN 3710040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HVN 3710040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The a2 Milk Company Limited","award":["A23064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A23064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen (H2) measurement in exhaled breath is a reliable and non-invasive method to diagnose carbohydrate malabsorption. Currently, breath H2 measurement is typically limited to clinic-based equipment. A portable breath analyser (AIRE, FoodMarble Digestive Health Limited, Dublin, Ireland) is a personalised device marketed for the detection and self-management of food intolerances, including lactose malabsorption (LM). Currently, the validity of this device for breath H2 analysis is unknown. Individuals self-reporting dairy intolerance (six males and six females) undertook a lactose challenge and a further seven individuals (all females) underwent a milk challenge. Breath samples were collected prior to and at frequent intervals post-challenge for up to 5 h with analysis using both the AIRE and a calibrated breath hydrogen analyser (BreathTracker, QuinTron Instrument Company Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA). A significant positive correlation (p &lt; 0.001, r &gt; 0.8) was demonstrated between AIRE and BreathTracker H2 values, after both lactose and milk challenges, although 26% of the AIRE readings demonstrated the maximum score of 10.0 AU. Based on our data, the cut-off value for LM diagnosis (25 ppm H2) using AIRE is 3.0 AU and it is effective for the identification of a response to lactose-containing foods in individuals experiencing LM, although its upper limit is only 81 ppm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T03:11:42Z","timestamp":1563419502000},"page":"1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Validity of a Portable Breath Analyser (AIRE) for the Assessment of Lactose Malabsorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2162-6494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aahana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Utpal K.","family":"Prodhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8213-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaja","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5186-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew P.G.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9559-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber M.","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"Food Nutrition &amp; Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cameron-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"Food &amp; Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13041","article-title":"Review article: The aetiology, diagnosis, mechanisms and clinical evidence for food intolerance","volume":"41","author":"Lomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. 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