{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:17Z","timestamp":1787029157346,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,21]],"date-time":"2019-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-3238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-3238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish heart and lung foundation","award":["2016-0470 and 2016-0815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-0470 and 2016-0815"]}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Agency","award":["2010-7938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2010-7938"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysbiosis and a dysregulated gut immune barrier function contributes to chronic immune activation in HIV-1 infection. We investigated if nutritional supplementation with vitamin D and phenylbutyrate could improve gut-derived inflammation, selected microbial metabolites, and composition of the gut microbiota. Treatment-na\u00efve HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 167) were included from a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial of daily 5000 IU vitamin D and 500 mg phenylbutyrate for 16 weeks (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01702974). Baseline and per-protocol plasma samples at week 16 were analysed for soluble CD14, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, kynurenine\/tryptophan-ratio, TMAO, choline, and betaine. Assessment of the gut microbiota involved 16S rRNA gene sequencing of colonic biopsies. Vitamin D + phenylbutyrate treatment significantly increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (p &lt; 0.001) but had no effects on sCD14, the kynurenine\/tryptophan-ratio, TMAO, or choline levels. Subgroup-analyses of vitamin D insufficient subjects demonstrated a significant increase of LL-37 in the treatment group (p = 0.02), whereas treatment failed to significantly impact LL-37-levels in multiple regression analysis. Further, no effects on the microbiota was found in number of operational taxonomic units (p = 0.71), Shannon microbial diversity index (p = 0.82), or in principal component analyses (p = 0.83). Nutritional supplementation with vitamin D + phenylbutyrate did not modulate gut-derived inflammatory markers or microbial composition in treatment-na\u00efve HIV-1 individuals with active viral replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T02:55:37Z","timestamp":1563764137000},"page":"1675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Vitamin D and Phenylbutyrate Supplementation Does Not Modulate Gut Derived Immune Activation in HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Catharina","family":"Missailidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaj","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiomics, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senait","family":"Ashenafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4950-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wondwossen","family":"Amogne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endale","family":"Kassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amsalu","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meron","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nebiat","family":"Gebreselassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armauer 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Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Brighenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-3713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.001","article-title":"Systemic effects of inflammation on health during chronic HIV 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