{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:09:11Z","timestamp":1773886151942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (Rome, Italy)","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Instrumentation Laboratory (Milan, Italy)","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Rome, Italy)","award":["2013-093-R.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-093-R.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Opinions are conflicting about the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency. This population-based study investigated cross-sectionally the associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) with indices of mineral homeostasis. Study cohort consisted of 979 persons of the Moli-Sani study, both sexes, ages \u226535 years. Data collection included serum calcidiol by different assays, serum calcitriol, serum parathyroid hormone, serum and urine calcium, and phosphorus. Prevalence of mild-to-moderate calcidiol deficiency (10\u201319 ng\/mL) was 36.4% and did not associate with hypocalcemia or hyperparathyroidism. Prevalence of severe calcidiol deficiency (&lt;10 ng\/mL) was 16.8% and associated with hyperparathyroidism only (odds ratio = 8.81, 95% confidence interval = 2.4\/32.9). Prevalence of calcitriol deficiency (&lt;18 pg\/mL) was 3.1% and associated with hypocalcemia (29.1, 7.4\/114.5) but not hyperparathyroidism. In ANOVA along concentration strata, lower calcidiol associated with higher parathyroid hormone only (p &lt; 0.001). Lower calcitriol associated with lower serum and urine calcium (p &lt; 0.001) but not with parathyroid hormone. Calcidiol findings were consistent with different calcidiol assays. In the population, mild-to-moderate calcidiol deficiency did not associate with abnormal mineral homeostasis. Severe calcidiol deficiency and calcitriol deficiency associated with different disorders: lower calcidiol associated with hyperparathyroidism whereas lower calcitriol associated with hypocalcemia and low urine calcium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1564659577000},"page":"1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vitamin D Status and Indices of Mineral Homeostasis in the Population: Differences Between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6409-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples (NA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Bilancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontoiatry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ermanno","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontoiatry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3111-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Sistemi Complessi, Centro Nazionale Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal-Infant Department, Hospital \u201c<i>San Pio<\/i>\u201d, 82028 Benevento (BN), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5104-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"De Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Di Castelnuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80133 Napoli (NA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licia","family":"Iacoviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1009570","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency","volume":"364","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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