{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:07:29Z","timestamp":1790104049556,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK63829, U01 DK63861, U01 DK63821, U01 DK63865, U01 DK63863, U01 DK63836, U01 DK63790, UC4 DK63829, UC4 DK63861, UC4 DK63821, UC4 DK63865, UC4 DK63863, UC4 DK63836, UC4 DK95300, UC4 DK100238, UC4 DK106955, UC4 DK112243, UC4 DK117483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK63829, U01 DK63861, U01 DK63821, U01 DK63865, U01 DK63863, U01 DK63836, U01 DK63790, UC4 DK63829, UC4 DK63861, UC4 DK63821, UC4 DK63865, UC4 DK63863, UC4 DK63836, UC4 DK95300, UC4 DK100238, UC4 DK106955, UC4 DK112243, UC4 DK117483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN267200700014C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN267200700014C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR001082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotics are linked to positive regulatory effects on the immune system. The aim of the study was to examine the association between the exposure of probiotics via dietary supplements or via infant formula by the age of 1 year and the development of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) and celiac disease among a cohort of 6520 genetically susceptible children. Use of probiotics during the first year of life was reported by 1460 children. Time-to-event analysis was used to examine the associations. Overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with either CDA (n = 1212) (HR 1.15; 95%CI 0.99, 1.35; p = 0.07) or celiac disease (n = 455) (HR 1.11; 95%CI 0.86, 1.43; p = 0.43) when adjusting for known risk factors. Intake of probiotic dietary supplements, however, was associated with a slightly increased risk of CDA (HR 1.18; 95%CI 1.00, 1.40; p = 0.043) compared to children who did not get probiotics. It was concluded that the overall exposure of probiotics during the first year of life was not associated with CDA or celiac disease in children at genetic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T11:58:16Z","timestamp":1564747096000},"page":"1790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Early Probiotic Supplementation and the Risk of Celiac Disease in Children at Genetic Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ulla","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carin","family":"Andren Aronsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 214 28 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalle","family":"Kurppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"The University Consortium of Sein\u00e4joki, 60320 Sein\u00e4joki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Health Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Skidmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80804 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Rewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hagopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Xiong","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette-G.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany"},{"name":"Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80804 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Akolkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIDDK, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, 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Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 214 28 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the TEDDY Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Health Organization (2019, August 01). 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