{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:20:40Z","timestamp":1789168840223,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1136751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1136751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth in young children is controlled through the release of several hormonal signals, which are affected by diet, infection, and other exposures. Stunting is clearly a growth disorder, yet limited evidence exists documenting the association of different growth biomarkers with child stunting. This study explored the association between different growth biomarkers and stunting in Bangladeshi children. A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 50 stunted (length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) &lt; \u22122 SD) and 50 control (LAZ \u2265 \u22122 SD) children, aged 12\u201318 months, residing in a Bangladeshi slum. The enrolled stunted children received an intervention package, which included food supplementation for three months, psychosocial stimulation for six months, and routine clinical care on community nutrition center at the study field site. The controls received routine clinical care only. All children were clinically screened over the study period. Length, weight, fasting blood and fecal biomarkers were measured. All biomarkers levels were similar in both groups except for oxyntomodulin at enrolment. Leptin (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 4.0, p &lt; 0.01), leptin\u2013adiponectin ratio (AOR 5.07 \u00d7 108, p &lt; 0.01), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (AOR 1.02, p &lt; 0.05), and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) (AOR 0.92, p &lt; 0.05) levels were independently associated with stunting at enrolment. Serum leptin, leptin\u2013adiponectin ratio, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and fecal alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) levels increased significantly (p &lt; 0.001), while IFN-\u03b3 levels significantly decreased among stunted children after six months of intervention. Leptin, leptin\u2013adiponectin ratio, IGF-1, and IFN-\u03b3 are independently associated with stunting in Bangladeshi children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02839148.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:56:38Z","timestamp":1565175398000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Serum Adipokines, Growth Factors, and Cytokines Are Independently Associated with Stunting in Bangladeshi Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muttaquina","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baitun","family":"Nahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3452-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Ahshanul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Mahfuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurun Nahar","family":"Naila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Amran","family":"Gazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Muhammad Shahedul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric and Respiratory Infections, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B","family":"Arndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judd L","family":"Walson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmeed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12231","article-title":"Childhood stunting: A global perspective","volume":"12","author":"Branca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (Unicef), The World Health Organization, and The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank (2018). Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: Key Findings of the 2018 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates, Development Data Group of the World Bank. 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