{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T13:22:12Z","timestamp":1778246532981,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011698","name":"Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCI08-0136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI08-0136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFU2012-39705-C03-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2012-39705-C03-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ageing is a major risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders linked to dyslipidemia, usually accompanied by increased adiposity. The goal of this work was to investigate whether avoiding an excessive increase in adiposity with ageing, via moderate chronic food restriction (FR), ameliorates postprandial dyslipidemia in a rat model of metabolic syndrome associated with ageing. Accordingly, we performed an oral lipid loading test (OLLT) in mature middle-aged (7 months) and middle-old-aged (24 months) Wistar rats fed ad libitum (AL) or under moderate FR for 3 months. Briefly, overnight fasted rats were orally administered a bolus of extra-virgin olive oil (1 mL\/Kg of body weight) and blood samples were taken from the tail vein before fat load (t = 0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after fat administration. Changes in serum lipids, glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels were measured at different time-points. Expression of liver and adipose tissue metabolic genes were also determined before (t = 0) and after the fat load (t = 240 min). Postprandial dyslipidemia progressively increased with ageing and this could be associated with hepatic ChREBP activity. Interestingly, moderate chronic FR reduced adiposity and avoided excessive postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in 7- and 24-month-old Wistar rats, strengthening the association between postprandial triglyceride levels and adiposity. The 24-month-old rats needed more insulin to maintain postprandial normoglycemia; nevertheless, hyperglycemia occurred at 240 min after fat administration. FR did not alter the fasted serum glucose levels but it markedly decreased glucagon excursion during the OLLT and the postprandial rise of glycemia in the 24-month-old rats, and FGF21 in the 7-month-old Wistar rats. Hence, our results pointed to an important role of FR in postprandial energy metabolism and insulin resistance in ageing. Lastly, our data support the idea that the vWAT might function as an ectopic site for fat deposition in 7-month-old and in 24-month-old Wistar rats that could increase their browning capacity in response to an acute fat load.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"1865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Moderate Chronic Food Restriction on the Development of Postprandial Dyslipidemia with Ageing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7897-1304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Mazuecos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9369-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Enviromental Science and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Carlos III s\/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain J.","family":"de Sol\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Enviromental Science and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Carlos III s\/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3211-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilda","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12945","article-title":"Nutrition and the science of disease prevention: A systems approach to support metabolic health","volume":"1352","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S97248","article-title":"Multimorbidity in chronic disease: Impact on health care resources and costs","volume":"9","author":"McPhail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr158","article-title":"ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)","volume":"32","author":"Reiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114515","article-title":"Postprandial plasma retinyl ester response is greater in older subjects compared with younger subjects. Evidence for delayed plasma clearance of intestinal lipoproteins","volume":"85","author":"Krasinski","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.60.3.473","article-title":"Atherogenesis: A post-prandial phenomenon","volume":"60","author":"Zilversmit","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)35345-1","article-title":"Contribution of apoB-48 and apoB-100 triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) to postprandial increases in the plasma concentration of TRL triglycerides and retinyl esters","volume":"34","author":"Cohn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200012000-00008","article-title":"Remnant lipoproteins as therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Havel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.04.018","article-title":"Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism: VLDL vs chylomicrons","volume":"412","author":"Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.02.026","article-title":"The characteristics of remnant lipoproteins in the fasting and postprandial plasma","volume":"413","author":"Nakajima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2217\/clp.09.87","article-title":"Postprandial lipemia and cardiovascular disease: Impact of age and gender on nonfasting triacylglycerol levels","volume":"5","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2017.12.039","article-title":"Atherogenic postprandial RLP, VLDL remnants as a causal factor in atherosclerosis","volume":"478","author":"Nakajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1101-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Lipid Disorders in Insulin Resistance: A Brief Review","volume":"18","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1496","article-title":"Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Krauss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.001","article-title":"Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Glass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.06.029","article-title":"Hypothesis: Postprandial remnant lipoproteins are the causal factors that induce resistance associated with obesity","volume":"485","author":"Nakajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2015.05.009","article-title":"Aging impairs the hepatic subcellular distribution of ChREBP in response to fasting\/feeding in rats: Implications on hepatic steatosis","volume":"69","author":"Salamanca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.07043","article-title":"Effect of age and moderate food restriction on insulin sensitivity in Wistar rats: Role of adiposity","volume":"194","author":"Gavete","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"377","article-title":"Development of liver fibrosis during aging: Effects of caloric restriction","volume":"27","author":"Horrillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41636","article-title":"The lipogenic transcription factor ChREBP dissociates hepatic steatosis from insulin resistance in mice and humans","volume":"122","author":"Benhamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1476","article-title":"Serum FGF21 levels are increased in obesity and are independently associated with the metabolic syndrome in humans","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03502.x","article-title":"Serum concentrations and tissue expression of a novel endocrine regulator fibroblast growth factor-21 in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"71","author":"Mraz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.4","article-title":"What have human experimental overfeeding studies taught us about adipose tissue expansion and susceptibility to obesity and metabolic complications?","volume":"41","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(80)90128-1","article-title":"Effects of the type of dietary fat at two levels of vitamin E in Wistar male rats during development and ageing. I. Life span, serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes","volume":"13","author":"Porta","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw339","article-title":"Development of a Rat Clinical Frailty Index","volume":"72","author":"Yorke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22152","article-title":"Food restriction is required to preserve the anti-steatotic effects of central leptin in the liver of middle-aged rats","volume":"26","author":"Arribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1825","article-title":"Triglycerides and glycerol determination after alkaline hydrolysis","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Bergmeyer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Methods of Enzymatic Analysis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199206000-00004","article-title":"In vivo model systems: The choice of the experimental animal model for analysis of lipoproteins and atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Overturf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81993","article-title":"ChREBP regulates fructose-induced glucose production independently of insulin signaling","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly081","article-title":"Changes in visceral adipose tissue plasma membrane lipid composition in old rats are associated with adipocyte hypertrophy with aging","volume":"73","author":"Pintado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.04.013","article-title":"Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"88","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0240","article-title":"Insulin resistance is accompanied by increased fasting glucagon and delayed glucagon suppression in individuals with normal and impaired glucose regulation","volume":"65","author":"Vistisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2016","article-title":"The new biology and pharmacology of glucagon","volume":"97","author":"Finan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.07.004","article-title":"Sweet sixteenth for ChREBP: Established roles and future goals","volume":"26","author":"Guilmeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605023200","article-title":"The Liver X Receptor (LXR) and hepatic lipogenesis. The carbohydrate-response element-binding protein is a target gene of LXR","volume":"282","author":"Cha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M049130","article-title":"Liver X receptor regulates hepatic nuclear O-GlcNAc signaling and carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein activity","volume":"56","author":"Bindesboll","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lip. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ducheix, S., Montagner, A., Polizzi, A., Lasserre, F., Regnier, M., Marmugi, A., Benhamed, F., Bertrand-Michel, J., Mselli-Lakhal, L., and Loiseau, N. (2017). Dietary oleic acid regulates hepatic lipogenesis through a liver X receptor-dependent signaling. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181393"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI65538","article-title":"Hepatic glucose sensing is required to preserve \u03b2 cell glucose competence","volume":"123","author":"Seyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11365","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11365","article-title":"Adipose tissue mTORC2 regulates ChREBP-driven de novo lipogenesis and hepatic glucose metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10986","article-title":"A novel ChREBP isoform in adipose tissue regulates systemic glucose metabolism","volume":"484","author":"Herman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"5716409","article-title":"Protein posttranslational modifications: Roles in aging and age-related disease","volume":"2017","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.01.006","article-title":"FGF21 Lowers Plasma Triglycerides by Accelerating Lipoprotein Catabolism in White and Brown Adipose Tissues","volume":"23","author":"Schlein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Xiaoli, A.M., and Yang, F. (2018). Regulation and Metabolic Significance of De Novo Lipogenesis in Adipose Tissues. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101383"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23606","article-title":"FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator","volume":"115","author":"Kharitonenkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.003","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARalpha-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21","volume":"5","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.002","article-title":"Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARalpha and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states","volume":"5","author":"Badman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.79","article-title":"Increased fibroblast growth factor 21 expression in high-fat diet-sensitive non-human primates (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"38","author":"Nygaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obesity"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0783","article-title":"Decrease in circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 after an oral fat load is related to postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and liver fat","volume":"166","author":"Matikainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"77","article-title":"Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor-21 increase with age independently of body composition indices among healthy individuals","volume":"2","author":"Hanks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12822","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12822","article-title":"Aging is associated with increased FGF21 levels but unaltered FGF21 responsiveness in adipose tissue","volume":"17","author":"Villarroya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03607-x","article-title":"Reduced adiposity attenuates FGF21 mediated metabolic improvements in the Siberian hamster","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.07.016","article-title":"Long-Term Cold Adaptation Does Not Require FGF21 or UCP1","volume":"26","author":"Keipert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12010","article-title":"Aging leads to a programmed loss of brown adipocytes in murine subcutaneous white adipose tissue","volume":"11","author":"Rogers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2018.1504591","article-title":"Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 is reduced, whereas its production is increased in a fat depot-specific manner in cold-acclimated rats","volume":"7","author":"Ceddia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.103.4.931","article-title":"Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: Molecular and morphological characterization","volume":"103","author":"Cousin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S., and Ajuwon, K.M. (2018). Effects of diets differing in composition of 18-C fatty acids on adipose tissue thermogenic gene expression in mice fed high-fat diets. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020256"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-0822","article-title":"Glucose-dependent transcriptional regulation by an evolutionarily conserved glucose-sensing module","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iizuka, K., Takao, K., Kato, T., Horikawa, Y., and Takeda, J. (2018). ChREBP Reciprocally Regulates Liver and Plasma Triacylglycerol Levels in Different Manners. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111699"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.188","article-title":"High-fat diet induces emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"35","author":"Hojna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/8\/1865\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:16Z","timestamp":1760188216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/8\/1865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11081865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11081865","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]}}}