{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:55:11Z","timestamp":1790841311885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder often occurring in adolescence. AN has one of the highest mortality rates amongst psychiatric illnesses and is associated with medical complications and high risk for psychiatric comorbidities, persisting after treatment. Remission rates range from 23% to 33%. Moreover, weight recovery does not necessarily reflect cognitive recovery. This issue is of particular interest in adolescence, characterized by progressive changes in brain structure and functional circuitries, and fast cognitive development. We reviewed existing literature on fMRI studies in adolescents diagnosed with AN, following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies had to: (1) be written in English; (2) include only adolescent participants; and (3) use block-design fMRI. We propose a pathogenic model based on normal and AN-related neural and cognitive maturation during adolescence. We propose that underweight and delayed puberty\u2014caused by genetic, environmental, and neurobehavioral factors\u2014can affect brain and cognitive development and lead to impaired cognitive flexibility, which in turn sustains the perpetuation of aberrant behaviors in a vicious cycle. Moreover, greater punishment sensitivity causes a shift toward punishment-based learning, leading to greater anxiety and ultimately to excessive reappraisal over emotions. Treatments combining physiological and neurobehavioral rationales must be adopted to improve outcomes and prevent relapses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]],"date-time":"2019-08-15T04:22:54Z","timestamp":1565842974000},"page":"1907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Brain and Cognitive Development in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7514-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Olivo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santino","family":"Gaudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Integrated Research (CIR), Area of Diagnostic Imaging, University \u201cCampus Bio-Medico di Roma\u201d, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helgi B.","family":"Schi\u00f6th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0194","article-title":"Eating disorders in children and adolescents: State of the art review","volume":"134","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/64580","article-title":"Outcome, comorbidity and prognosis in anorexia nervosa","volume":"51","author":"Jagielska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. 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