{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:11:27Z","timestamp":1785186687297,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is a common condition described in risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Betanin, a bioactive pigment from red beetroot demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term intake of betanin against oxidative stress in a rodent model, a common condition described in several risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress was induced in Wistar rats by a hyperlipidemic diet for 60 days, followed by betanin administration (20 mg\u00b7kg\u22121) through oral gavage for 20 days. Plasma biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated. Lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes were determined in the liver. The hyperlipidemic diet caused hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and increases in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels. Oxidative stress status was confirmed by reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities, increased lipid peroxidation, and liver damage. Purified betanin regulated glucose levels, insulin, and insulin resistance. Hepatic damage was reversed as evidenced by the reduction in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels and confirmed by histological analyses. Betanin reduced hepatic malondialdehyde and increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Short-term betanin intake modulated biochemical parameters, reversed hepatic tissue damage, and attenuated oxidative stress in Wistar rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"1978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Short-Term Betanin Intake Reduces Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Davi Vieira Teixeira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline D\u2019Avila","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o e Diet\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-140, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilson Teles","family":"Boaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o e Diet\u00e9tica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-140, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Stefan de Almeida","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-150, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio Afonso","family":"Ver\u00edcimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-150, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Eponina de","family":"Carvalho-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24020-150, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8278-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego dos Santos","family":"Bai\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Mere","family":"Del Aguila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6093-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vania M. Flosi","family":"Paschoalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.05.013","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: Novel tools give (free) radical insight","volume":"47","author":"Fearon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, March 20). World Health Organization, Media Centre, Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs317\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.03.074","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in the developing world: Prevalences, patterns, and the potential of early disease detection","volume":"60","author":"Celermajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3403","article-title":"Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets","volume":"10","author":"Drummond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2004.02.004","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Hypertension","volume":"17","author":"Lassegue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160503C","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of ROS production and oxidative stress in diabetes","volume":"473","author":"Newsholme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.2008044","article-title":"Increasing oxidative stress with progressive hyperlipidemia in human: Relation between malondialdehyde and atherogenic index","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.004","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease","volume":"51","author":"Sugamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2001","article-title":"Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function","volume":"82","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3164734","article-title":"The role of the reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of the age-related ocular diseases and other pathologies of the anterior and posterior eye segments in adults","volume":"2016","author":"Nita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Long."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-999-0012-z","article-title":"Oxidant stress in the vasculature","volume":"1","author":"Maytin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Ather. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.TM117.000182","article-title":"Eukaryotic copper-only superoxide dismutases (SODs): A new class of SOD enzymes and SOD-like protein domains","volume":"293","author":"Robinett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of thiol peroxidases on redox regulation","volume":"50","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2017-0131","article-title":"Catalase, a remarkable enzyme: Targeting the oldest antioxidant enzyme to find a new cancer treatment approach","volume":"398","author":"Glorieux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.004","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and cancer paradox: To promote or to suppress?","volume":"104","author":"Galadari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0678-6","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Kattoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u0142odarczyk, M., and Nowicka, G. (2019). Obesity, DNA Damage, and Development of Obesity-Related Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051146"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9719584","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9719584","article-title":"Nutrients and oxidative stress: Friend or foe?","volume":"2018","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-010-0546-y","article-title":"Obesogenic high fat western diet induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat heart","volume":"344","author":"Ballal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37048","article-title":"Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans","volume":"119","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23205","article-title":"Maternal high-fat feeding primes steatohepatitis in adult mice offspring, involving mitochondrial dysfunction and altered lipogenesis gene expression","volume":"50","author":"Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol prevents reduction in liver activity of \u0394-5 and \u0394-6 desaturases, oxidative stress, and depletion in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different tissues of high-fat diet fed mice","volume":"16","author":"Venezuela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4490","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"349","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of green leafy and cruciferous vegetable intake on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Pollock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12457","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i43.12457","article-title":"Sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract improves hepatic abnormalities in male subjects","volume":"21","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21138","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219753","article-title":"Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70902","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health","volume":"4","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2007.01668.x","article-title":"Betalains: Properties, sources, applications, and stability\u2014A review","volume":"44","author":"Azeredo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030045u","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae","volume":"51","author":"Cai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nutritional, bioactive and physicochemical characteristics of different beetroot formulations","volume":"Volume v.x","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Additives"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, D.V.T., Bai\u00e3o, D.S., Silva, O.S., Alves, G., Perrone, D., Del Aguila, E.M., and Paschoalin, V.M.F. (2019). Betanin, a natural food additive: Stability, bioavailability, antioxidant and preservative ability assessments. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030458"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030600986032","article-title":"Betanin, the main pigment of red beet: Molecular origin of its exceptionally high free radical-scavenging activity","volume":"23","author":"Szymusiak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1322.057","article-title":"Antioxidant Betalains from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) inhibit endothelial ICAM-1 expression","volume":"1028","author":"Gentile","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001645","article-title":"Betanin, a beetroot component, induces nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated expression of detoxifying\/antioxidant enzymes in human liver cell lines","volume":"110","author":"Paluszczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.12.032","article-title":"Betanin reduces the accumulation and cross-links of collagen in high-fructose-fed rat heart through inhibiting non-enzymatic glycation","volume":"227","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.146","article-title":"Ameliorating effect of betanin, a natural chromoalkaloid by modulating hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities and glycogen content in streptozotocin\u2014Nicotinamide induced experimental rats","volume":"88","author":"Dhananjayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"158","article-title":"Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase","volume":"70","author":"Paglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90668-Y","article-title":"Automated assays for superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity","volume":"184","author":"Wheeler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00246-6","article-title":"A microtiter plate assay for superoxide dismutase using a water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1)","volume":"293","author":"Peskin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.04.035","article-title":"Detection of malondialdehyde in processed meat products without interference from the ingredients","volume":"209","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3284","article-title":"High-glucose stimulation increases reactive oxygen species production through the calcium and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated activation of mitochondrial fission","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic complications","volume":"107","author":"Giacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/414813a","article-title":"Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications","volume":"414","author":"Brownlee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/35008121","article-title":"Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage","volume":"404","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182160726","article-title":"American Heart Association Clinical Lipidology, Thrombosis, and Prevention Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"123","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.06.013","article-title":"Association between hypertriglyceridemia and protein oxidation and proinflammatory markers in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic individuals","volume":"448","author":"Klafke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-015-4084-y","article-title":"Tyrosol attenuates high fat diet-induced hepatic oxidative stress: Potential involvement of cystathionine \u03b2-synthase and cystathionine \u03b3-lyase","volume":"51","author":"Sarna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.243261","article-title":"Rosa mosqueta oil prevents oxidative stress and inflammation through the upregulation of PPAR-\u03b1 and NRF2 in C57BL\/6J mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"147","author":"Dossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawicki, T., Ju\u015bkiewicz, J., and Wiczkowski, W. (2017). Using the SPE and Micro-HPLC-MS\/MS Method for the Analysis of Betalains in Rat Plasma after Red Beet Administration. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122137"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-178","article-title":"Physiological properties of beetroot crisps applied in standard and dyslipidaemic diets of rats","volume":"10","author":"Wroblewska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(90)90050-4","article-title":"Effect of acute hyperglycemia on plasma triglyceride concentration and triglyceride secretion rate in non-fasted rats","volume":"9","author":"Hirano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.052","article-title":"Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase and mortality in the United States population","volume":"136","author":"Ruhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1460-1","article-title":"Women and men have similar amounts of liver and intra-abdominal fat, despite more subcutaneous fat in women: Implications for sex differences in markers of cardiovascular risk","volume":"47","author":"Westerbacka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-013-9892-5","article-title":"Betanin attenuates carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"40","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.01.015","article-title":"Hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tocotrienol rich fraction isolated from rice bran oil in experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"43","author":"Minhajuddin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.08.018","article-title":"Effect of antioxidant capacity on blood lipid metabolism and lipoprotein lipase activity of rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.01.018","article-title":"Betanin attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in kidney of paraquat-treated rat","volume":"78","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.12.048","article-title":"Betanin, isolated from fruits of Opuntia elatior Mill attenuates renal fibrosis in diabetic rats through regulating oxidative stress and TGF-\u03b2 pathway","volume":"198","author":"Sutariya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.04.038","article-title":"Betanin attenuates paraquat-induced liver toxicity through a mitochondrial pathway","volume":"70","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.006","article-title":"Modulatory effect of betanin on high glucose induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in renal proximal tubular cells","volume":"89","author":"Sutariya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: A randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.04.041","article-title":"Chronic effects of nitrate supplementation with a newly designed beetroot formulation on biochemical and hemodynamic parameters of individuals presenting risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: A pilot study","volume":"58","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Func. Foods"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/9\/1978\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:13:01Z","timestamp":1760188381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/9\/1978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11091978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11091978","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]}}}