{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T14:37:57Z","timestamp":1771943877478,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy","award":["BMWFW GZ 10.470\/0016-II\/3\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMWFW GZ 10.470\/0016-II\/3\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are regarded to have reduced serum magnesium (Mg) concentrations. We aimed to assess the changes in serum Mg concentrations at 12-month follow-up in patients, with and without T2DM, who underwent one anastomosis gastric bypass surgery. Overall, 50 patients (80% female, age 42.2 (12.5) years) with morbid obesity (mean baseline BMI 43.8 (4.3) kg\/m2) were included in the analysis. Half of the included patients had T2DM diagnosed at baseline, and these patients showed lower serum Mg concentration (0.78 (0.07)) vs. 0.83 (0.05) mmol\/L; p = 0.006), higher blood glucose levels (129.9 (41.3) vs. 87.6 (8.1) mg\/dL; p &lt; 0.001) as well as HbA1c concentrations (6.7 (1.4) vs. 5.3 (0.5)%; p &lt; 0.001). During follow-up, BMI and glucose levels showed a decrease; however, serum Mg levels remained stable. At baseline 42% of patients were found to be Mg deficient, which was reduced to 33% at six months and to 30% at 12 months follow-up. Moreover, patients with T2DM had an odds ratio of 9.5 (95% CI = 3.0\u201329.7; p &lt; 0.001) for magnesium deficiency when compared to patients without T2DM. Further research into the role of Mg and its role in T2DM and other obesity-related comorbidities are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differences in Serum Magnesium Levels in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients Following One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5547-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Winzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-1467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Grabovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ludvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1 and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Juchgasse 25, 1030 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Kruschitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, General Public Hospital of the Order of Saint Elisabeth, V\u00f6lkermarkter Stra\u00dfe 15-19, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Prager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Klammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Convent of the Brothers of Saint John of God, Seilerst\u00e4tte 2, 4021 Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Hoppichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Institute for Preventive Cardiology and Nutrition\u2014SIPCAN, Rabenfleckweg 8, 5061 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Br\u00fcder, Kajetanerplatz 1, 5010 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1772-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrig","family":"Marculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Wakolbinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Special Institute for Preventive Cardiology and Nutrition\u2014SIPCAN, Rabenfleckweg 8, 5061 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5049\/EBP.2008.6.2.86","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Seo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrolyte Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism and its disorders","volume":"24","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2015.0387","article-title":"Magnesium and healthy aging","volume":"28","author":"Veronese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.163131","article-title":"Association of Serum Magnesium Deficiency with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Chutia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecube, A., Baena-Fustegueras, J.A., Fort, J.M., Pelegri, D., Hernandez, C., and Simo, R. (2012). Diabetes is the main factor accounting for hypomagnesemia in obese subjects. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030599"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"321","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake in a French adult population","volume":"10","author":"Galan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Moshfegh, A., Goldman, J., Ahuja, J., Rhodes, D., and LaComb, R. (2019, April 07). What We Eat in America, NHANES 2005\u20132006: Usual Nutrient Intake from Food and Water Compared to 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ARSUserFiles\/80400530\/pdf\/0506\/usual_nutrient_intake_vitD_ca_phos_mg_2005-06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, S.E., Smith, L., Grabovac, I., Haider, S., Demurtas, J., Lopez-Sanchez, G.F., Soysal, P., Redsell, S., Isik, A.T., and Yang, L. (2018). Ethnic Differences in Magnesium Intake in U.S. Older Adults: Findings from NHANES 2005\u20132016. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121901"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s005920200036","article-title":"Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome","volume":"39","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00293.x","article-title":"Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease","volume":"68","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.05.007","article-title":"Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance","volume":"458","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Orten-Luiten, A.C.B., Janse, A., Verspoor, E., Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M., and Witkamp, R.F. (2018). Drug use is associated with lower plasma magnesium levels in geriatric outpatients; possible clinical relevance. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.018"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.247","article-title":"WHO recognition of the global obesity epidemic","volume":"32","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (2005)"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Klimont, J., and Baldaszti, E. (2015). Austrian Health Interview Survey. Oesterreichische Gesundheitsbefragung 2014. Hauptergebnisse des Austrian Health Interview Survey (AT-HIS) und Medizinische Dokumentation, Austrian Statistics Agency."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"335","article-title":"Physical activity, nutrition, and chronic disease","volume":"28","author":"Blair","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.02.005","article-title":"Effects of Moderate and Subsequent Progressive Weight Loss on Metabolic Function and Adipose Tissue Biology in Humans with Obesity","volume":"23","author":"Magkos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-009-0014-5","article-title":"Metabolic\/bariatric surgery Worldwide 2008","volume":"19","author":"Buchwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Himpens, J., Ramons, A., Welbourn, R., Dixon, J., Kinsman, R., and Walton, P. (2018). Fourth IFSO Global Registry Report, Dendrite Clinical Systems Ltd."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1349-3","article-title":"Improved Magnesium Levels in Morbidly Obese Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients After Modest Weight Loss","volume":"188","author":"Mikalsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-016-0071-z","article-title":"Association among dietary magnesium, serum magnesium, and diabetes: A cross-sectional study in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veronese, N., Demurtas, J., Pesolillo, G., Celotto, S., Barnini, T., Calusi, G., Caruso, M.G., Notarnicola, M., Reddavide, R., and Stubbs, B. (2019). Magnesium and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational and intervention studies. Eur. J. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01905-w"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-016-2437-0","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Loading Is Superior to Conventional Supplementation After Weight Loss Surgery in Vitamin D-Deficient Morbidly Obese Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Luger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0877-9","article-title":"The link between obesity and vitamin D in bariatric patients with omega-loop gastric bypass surgery\u2014A vitamin D supplementation trial to compare the efficacy of postoperative cholecalciferol loading (LOAD): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Luger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1381\/096089201321336584","article-title":"The mini-gastric bypass: Experience with the first 1,274 cases","volume":"11","author":"Rutledge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"11","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04530.x","article-title":"The Helsinki Declaration, research guidelines and regulations: Present and future editorial aspects","volume":"40","author":"Dale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S56554","article-title":"Empirical comparison of four baseline covariate adjustment methods in analysis of continuous outcomes in randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.03.003","article-title":"Magnesium and diabetes mellitus: Their relation","volume":"25","author":"Sales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-2997(02)00090-0","article-title":"Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X","volume":"24","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12250","article-title":"Magnesium intake decreases Type 2 diabetes risk through the improvement of insulin resistance and inflammation: The Hisayama Study","volume":"30","author":"Hata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1397","article-title":"Higher magnesium intake reduces risk of impaired glucose and insulin metabolism and progression from prediabetes to diabetes in middle-aged americans","volume":"37","author":"Hruby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2012.07.038","article-title":"Lower intake of magnesium and dietary fiber increases the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Taiwanese","volume":"111","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.138","article-title":"Magnesium intake and type II diabetes in Japanese men and women: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study","volume":"64","author":"Nanri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i10.1152","article-title":"Magnesium and type 2 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-008-9536-5","article-title":"Serum magnesium status after gastric bypass surgery in obesity","volume":"19","author":"Johansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-009-9916-5","article-title":"Long-term nutritional outcome after gastric bypass","volume":"20","author":"Dalcanale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/9\/1984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:13:11Z","timestamp":1760188391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/11\/9\/1984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu11091984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11091984","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]}}}