{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:00:50Z","timestamp":1784329250836,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A practical approach for nutritional assessment in preterm infants under intensive care, based on anthropometric measurements and commonly used biochemical markers, is suggested. The choice of anthropometric charts depends on the purpose: Fenton 2013 charts to assess intrauterine growth, an online growth calculator to monitor intra-hospital weight gain, and Intergrowth-21st standards to monitor growth after discharge. Body weight, though largely used, does not inform on body compartment sizes. Mid-upper arm circumference estimates body adiposity and is easy to measure. Body length reflects skeletal growth and fat-free mass, provided it is accurately measured. Head circumference indicates brain growth. Skinfolds estimate reasonably body fat. Weight-to-length ratio, body mass index, and ponderal index can assess body proportionality at birth. These and other derived indices, such as the mid-upper arm circumference to head circumference ratio, could be proxies of body composition but need validation. Low blood urea nitrogen may indicate insufficient protein intake. Prealbumin and retinol binding protein are good markers of current protein status, but they may be affected by non-nutritional factors. The combination of a high serum alkaline phosphatase level and a low serum phosphate level is the best biochemical marker for the early detection of metabolic bone disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T04:38:23Z","timestamp":1566794303000},"page":"1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Nutritional Assessment in Preterm Infants: A Practical Approach in the NICU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Pereira-da-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas|NOVA Medical School, Unversidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Dietetics and Nutrition, Lisbon Polytechnic Institute, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Av. Dom Jo\u00e3o II MB, 1990-094 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"NICU, Hospital Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5952-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Virella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICU, Hospital Dona Estef\u00e2nia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central, 1169-045 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Fusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuremberg General Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Stra\u00dfe 1, 90419 N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.270","article-title":"Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: An inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?","volume":"107","author":"Embleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211302","article-title":"Interneonatal intensive care unit variation in growth rates and feeding practices in healthy moderately premature infants","volume":"25","author":"Blackwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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