{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:19:07Z","timestamp":1790662747700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF- 2017R1A6A3A1103057, NRF- 2017R1A5A2015385, and NRF-2018M2A2B3A02072069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF- 2017R1A6A3A1103057, NRF- 2017R1A5A2015385, and NRF-2018M2A2B3A02072069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002462","name":"Chungnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["reasearch fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["reasearch fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (\u03c93-PUFAs) have potential protective activity in a variety of infectious diseases, but their actions and underlying mechanisms in Toxoplasma gondii infection remain poorly understood. Here, we report that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) robustly induced autophagy in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Treatment of T. gondii-infected macrophages with DHA resulted in colocalization of Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagosomes and reduced intracellular survival of T. gondii. The autophagic and anti-Toxoplasma effects induced by DHA were mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Importantly, BMDMs isolated from Fat-1 transgenic mice, a well-known animal model capable of synthesizing \u03c93-PUFAs from \u03c96-PUFAs, showed increased activation of autophagy and AMPK, leading to reduced intracellular survival of T. gondii when compared with wild-type BMDMs. Moreover, Fat-1 transgenic mice exhibited lower cyst burden in the brain following infection with the avirulent strain ME49 than wild-type mice. Collectively, our results revealed mechanisms by which endogenous \u03c93-PUFAs and DHA control T. gondii infection and suggest that \u03c93-PUFAs might serve as therapeutic candidate to prevent toxoplasmosis and infection with other intracellular protozoan parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:12:40Z","timestamp":1568002360000},"page":"2137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Toxoplasma gondii Infection by Inducing Autophagy via AMPK Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jae-Won","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National 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